No 3 (2014)

In this investigation, parallel implementation of nonlinear extended matrix cryptographical transformation is carried out on the base of research results and classification of basic elementary functions.

The extended matrix transformation allows to increase the number of operations of cryptographical transformation and, as a consequent, to improve cryptosecurity of information safety systems. The research proved that it is caused by the fact that the operations of matrix and extended matrix transformation do not form single group.

Cryptographic coding on the base of extended matrix transformation may be carried out both over matrices and over three bits simultaneously.

The article presents an algorithm of parallel implementation of extended matrix cryptographical transformation.

The results of program implementation of extended matrix transformation were evaluated on the base of statistical tests NIST STS.

The implementation of extended matrix cryptographic transformation meets the requirements of program package of statistical tests NIST STS.

The research proved that practical application of the operation of extended matrix cryptographic transformation is carried out on the base of gamma-sequence.

As the cryptographical transformations may be carried out simultaneously the time of cryptographical transformation will be determined only by the time of forming of gamma-sequence n_k bits.  In that case, the increase of cryptographical transformation speed will be determined by ratio of information size coded on the base of operations of extended matrix transformation under control of gamma-sequence to the number of bits subjected to the gamma-process.

Nonlinear extended matrix cryptographical transformation depending on n_k and  K_on parameters allows to improve cryptosecurity from 10³² to 10¹⁵⁰ times proportionally against the stream coding when reducing time of coding in 1,5–6   times.

The study involves typification of Ulyanovsk region areas based on the environmental quality grades and the degree of ecological and hygienic welfare, reflected in some partial and integral criteria, or in other words, rating of the environmental quality of municipal districts and urban settlements of Ulyanovsk region. The original base of ecological and hygienic data for determination of the degree of ecological and hygienic welfare of the environment of various districts of the region is represented for the 11-year period from 2001 to 2011 by the following indicators: the number of pollution agents in the atmosphere, potable water and soil of settlement zones. Integral estimation of the environmental quality was performed using calculation; it summarizes data on individual components of the environment. The condition of deposit environments, such as atmospheric air, potable water and soil, was considered as environmental indicators for assessment. The development of methodological approach of integral estimation of the environmental quality helped to range Ulyanovsk region areas according to the degree of ecological and hygienic welfare, as well as to identify quality grades of the deposit environments. The "critical" grade of the deposit environments quality and the increased degree of ecological and hygienic ill-being was found in 10 areas: Novoulyanovsk, Ulyanovsk, Dimitrovgrad, as well as Ulyanovskiy, Pavlovskiy, Sengileevskiy, Novospasskiy, Melekesskiy, Bazarnosyzganskiy and Nikolaevskiy districts.  The "stressed" quality of the deposit environments and the moderate degree of ecological and hygienic ill-being was observed in Staromaynskiy, Tsilninskiy, Starokulatkinskiy, Mainskiy, Cherdaklinskiy, Inzenskiy, and Kuzovatovskiy districts. Territories where the environmental quality values ​​are above the average regional level are characterized as "of relatively satisfactory" environmental quality areas. These territories have certain environmental problems requiring local solutions. Among them are Baryshskiy, Veshkaymskiy, Karsunskiy, Novomalyklinskiy, Radischevskiy, Surskiy, Terengulskiy districts. Such typification of areas including characteristics of their specific environmental problems will help to identify the key areas for improvement of the environmental situation in the districts of the region and will serve as the basis for determination of relationship between the environment and the population health of the specific region.

The article covers the problem of quality management on the basis of standardization as the main instrument of competitiveness improving in the absence of Federal law "About standardization" which became inoperative on the 1^st of July, 2003. The authors suggest the processes control chart which is based on Deming Cycle PDCA consisting of the following cycles: analysis, planning, carrying out, standardization; the algorithm of application of statistical techniques as the base for initial understanding of how to use the statistical techniques and the principles of variability for making the effective decisions. The authors consider the main instruments of statistical processes control (histograms, check lists, С_р, С_к) and the strategy of "6 sigmas". It is offered to use corporate standards (CS) – standards for processes and standards for assessment methods – as one of the main instruments of the process quality management. Standards for processes specify key requirements for technology of manufacturing of various products at all stages of the product life cycle. Standards for methods of the product quality assessment (check, control) should primarily provide comprehensive check-up of all obligatory requirements for the product quality. The efficient adoption of CS within the actual enterprise operation environment should be based on the following main principles: complexity; integratedness; consistency; targeting. The existing normative documents base of the aeronautic cluster should be considerably updated. The authors suggested the main lines of work on standardization at the enterprises of the branch.

At the end of the 20^th century – at the beginning of the 21^st century the development of machine tool systems is determined by the following condition – machine building has entered a new era – the era of world competition conditioned by significantly increased purchasing ability of a buyer. In this connection, the manufacturers, trying to increase their profit and attract more customers, regularly modernize products to comply with scientific-technological progress and consumer requirements. Steady increase of tendency to change of manufactured products is one of the hardest-to-carry out by modern production systems conditions.  

The most widespread existing manufacturing systems, such as automatic lines (AL) and flexible manufacturing systems (FMS) have a number of features not allowing them to comply with the up-to-date requirements.

Automatic lines have high operational efficiency (mass production), and when switching to manufacture of a new range of products they require heavy capital outlays and involve long downtimes. Flexible manufacturing systems have lower efficiency (series production) compared to ALs, but they are rather flexible when switching to manufacture of new products. At the same time, the high level of flexibility is frequently excessive and determines the high cost of FMS.

In this connection, today great attention is paid in machine building to construction of reconfigurable manufacturing systems (RMS) – the systems able to manufacture products with operational efficiency of mass production and flexibility of FMS.

One of the most important and little-investigated areas of construction of reconfigurable manufacturing systems in Russia and abroad is the issues of assurance and evaluation of RMS operational efficiency indices.

Today, mathematical modeling is widely used for calculation of turbulent flows characteristics. The mathematical problem of turbulent flow with intensive effects is nonclosed. It is being closed with the help of turbulence models. At present we know a lot of turbulence models. As a rule, they have limited application areas, especially when we speak about the flow with impact. In this regard, it would be convenient to get a model with universal effects characteristics. The authors suggest to use fractal dimension of pressure fluctuations of the turbulent flow as a characteristic not related to physical, geometrical or other effects parameters, and not depending on their nature. Experimental research of turbulent pressure fluctuations was undertaken in order to determine the fractal dimension of turbulent flow pressure fluctuations. The experimental series of pressure fluctuations were analyzed. Pressure fluctuations fractal dimension of undisturbed turbulent flow and turbulent flow with various degrees of effect on the wall-adjacent turbulence was determined with the R/S method. The results show that the fractal dimension is different for different cases. The smallest pressure fluctuations fractal dimension corresponds to optimal effect on wall-adjacent turbulence, when the flow friction resistance was minimal. Further, the fractal dimension was correlated with the experimental data on friction resistance and velocity profiles, and on the basis of generalization the dependence of intensity of turbulent exchange in the boundary layer on the flow pressure fluctuations fractal dimension was obtained. This dependence was loaded into the mixing length model of Prandtl. On the base of suggested model the program was created and a numerical investigation of friction resistance and structure of turbulent flow has been conducted. Calculation error on friction resistance differs from the experimental values by 5%.

The author analyzed the cutting tool wear behaviour. The method of coatings spark-deposition was chosen as the method of durability extension. Friction criteria were chosen to be the criteria for cutting tool durability evaluation. The author defined the characteristics of influence of friction on cutting tool wear. The article gives the description of the design of experimental assembly for evaluation of test samples tribological characteristics and determines the laboratory testing modes. The author gives the list of materials used in testing both for coating formation and as the friction subjects. The procedure of estimation of friction coefficients in pairs “cutting tool – process material” is determined and explained. The author obtained the results of comparison friction tests of the samples hardened with STIM hard alloy using the spark-deposition of coating, and the rapid steel samples without coating when interacting with AK5M2 aluminum alloy, 40HGNM alloy structure steel and VCh 40-10 cast iron with or without cooling. On the basis of these results the diagrams of dependency of each experimental pair friction coefficient on cutting velocity were constructed. The author defines the minimal friction coefficients for various process materials from the tested list.   These data were processed in logarithmic system of coordinates. The dependencies on cutting velocity were obtained for determination of friction coefficient for various process materials. The author draws the conclusions and gives practical recommendations on selection of cutting tool optimal material when processing various structural materials under the existing machinery production conditions. It will allow to reduce metal-cutting tool flow and to improve economic effectiveness of edge cutting machining of machine elements.

The article covers the empirical issues related to the definition of the combustion process features using the phenomenon of flame electric conductivity within the combustion chamber of the spark-ignition engine. Using the sources of literature, the authors carried out the analysis of modern models of combustion and the turbulent combustion area width. The article sets the task to study the impact of various parameters on the combustion area spread. The relations of the turbulent combustion area width with flame propagation velocity and ionic current peak were experimentally studied using the ionization detector located in the outermost area of the combustion chamber of the reciprocating spark ignition engine. In the first part of the article the authors carried out the analysis of theoretical and experimental work in the sphere of combustion process within the reciprocating engines, described the main characteristics, dimensions, shape and the peculiarities of turbulent flame typical for internal combustion engines. The authors give comparative analysis of the results of experiments carried out in TSU and the experimental data received by N.V. Inozemtsev. The work presents the qualitative and quantitative assessment of values of the turbulent combustion area width. In the second part of the article the authors describe the procedure of determining the combustion area width by the characteristics of combustion of fuel-air mixture found by the ionic current passing through the two detector electrodes which is located in the outermost area of the combustion chamber of the reciprocating engine. The authors also provide the diagrams of dependency of the turbulent combustion area width on the mixture composition, the amount of hydrogen added, the speed-range of engine operation, the flame propagation velocity and the ionic current. The detailed analysis of impact of combustion parameters and characteristics on the combustion area width is presented in the article. The authors determined the regularity of impact of the ionic peak relative value on the turbulent combustion area spread.

Tourist industry is not only being affected by a variety of external factors, but also influences significantly the economic, political, sociocultural situation of the countries and regions where it develops. The fact of the tourist industry impact on the social and economic development of the region deserves special attention as the tourist industry is a kind of indicator of economic and social situation of the country, and the region, in particular. That helped to specify the main problem of the research.

The analysis of impact of tourism industry on the social and economic development of the region can be an impulse for further research in the sphere of tourist industry in the Russian Federation, and the Republic of Tatarstan in particular. In this research we give the review of the tourist industry development trends and the objectives of evidence of its formation as a social phenomenon from the perspective of theoretical economics and the tourist industry branch economics, and the attractiveness for investment activity in this sphere in such region as the Republic of Tatarstan. We present general description of the tourist industry development in the region (including by types of tourism), give the information on travel services market, and statistical analysis of development of tourist industry in the Republic of Tatarstan. The sources cited in reviewed article reflect a current viewpoint on the problem of tourist industry impact on the social and economic development of the region.

The article shows the problems of domestic tourism development and the impact of tourist industry on the social and economic development of the region, and describes the variety of resources for attraction of tourists. The author suggests the tasks for promotion of the tourist industry development. The Universiade being held in the Republic of Tatarstan in summer 2013 is considered to be one of the most significant examples.

This article contains comprehensive analysis of a plot line and narration structure in M. Elizarov’s novels, such as “Pasternak”, “The Librarian”, and “The Cartoons”. In this article the author briefly describes the plot of the novels and literary devices used by the author to reach a greater effect. All M. Elizarov’s novels have a thrilling and tense plot with the original philosophical idea – a kind of a "novel of ideas" or a "philosophical and theological novel." This is the first sample of this genre in modern Russian literature. Special consideration is given to such a device as "world in the world". The author likes to deal with very sensitive topics; his works touch upon the painful points of human relationship on the brink and beyond the criminal framework. The characters of his books often get over limits of decency and permissiveness. This ambivalent conflict is traced through the M. Elizarov’s novels. He achieved in his novels a harmonious combination of a dynamic storyline and developed dialogism. A thorough work has been carried out on the plot of Elizarov’s key novels. This study proves that the novels contain a certain artifact that is the engine towards the "best" for lonely, insecure and weak individuals. M. Elizarov’s artistic world is not full of harmony, peace of mind or contemplation. In each novel there is much cruelty and scenes of violence. Aggression is a marked line in Elizarov’s novels. Death and the dead bodies are a natural consequence of the heroic epic story used M. Elizarov. Religious discourse in non-classical forms is a leitmotiv formation in M. Elizarov’s novels.

The article points out the necessity of the systemic innovative development of the Russian economy and activization of the innovative activity of the economic entities that involves complex institutional and structural transformations of their innovational environment. This facilitates further transformation of the workplaces into highly technological production units as well as growth of competitiveness in the world market. The authors underline the specific feature of the small entrepreneurship as an objective initiator of the product and process innovations, an effective organizer of the development processes, implementation and commercialization of innovations. The article analyzes the reasons that constrain development of domestic innovative small entrepreneurship. The major reason is not only low motivation for innovations but the absence of conditions for successful development of the innovative activity of small economic entities in spite of the modern global changes. The authors emphasize the importance of the activity that can support and develop the innovations of small businesses, creation of an effective national innovative system, outrunning development of the regional innovative infrastructure that should be based on the small innovative enterprises. The authors state that these tasks are especially important for the old-cultivated regions of Central Russia which should become the leaders of the development and activization of the innovative activity, and take Russia to the advanced positions. The empiric studies are conducted and the dynamics of growth of small innovative companies in the typical regions of Central Russia is described; different directions of development are identified due to peculiarities of the regional specifics and strategic aims. The authors investigate the dynamics of the rates of growth of small innovative companies in the regions, determine the range of changing in number of the small innovative businesses, identify a negative trend of decreasing the number of small innovative companies as a consequence of the absence of the institutional conditions for the development of small enterprises in general and, in particular, small innovative businesses, analyze the motives for activization of innovative activity. However, there is a cyclic recurrence in the gain of the small innovative companies which is caused not only by the cyclicity of the global economy development but by the ongoing modernizing processes.

The publication describes particular problems that characterize the influence of globalization processes on different aspects of social life of the Russian society and state. These processes are determined by the fact that the 21^st century has emphasized quite complicated issues concerning a wide range of interests referring not only to our country but almost all entities of the world community.

A group of specialists in the field of law and political science consider globalism to be a positive factor that actively facilitates comprehensive integration of economy, science and culture, and intensifies transformation of the real social structures and institutions. However a lot of researches and politicians interpret globalism as an aggressive challenge not only to the developing countries and nations but to the well-established states as well because it causes danger for their unique identity, historical traditions, intellectual, moral and religious values. That is why this article represents opinions of the scientists who adhere to different judgments of the situation that exists in the modern world community.

The author, in his turn, adheres to the opinion that globalism is a complex and multifaceted phenomenon characterized by the presence of two diametrically opposed aspects. One of them has got an apparently positive effect because it corresponds to the worldwide process connected with rapid development of modern technologies, scientific knowledge and technical progress, exchange of information, cultural heritage and art. The second aspect contains a rather negative component.

In the outlined situation the responsibility of the Russian government is to carry out thoroughly planned domestic and international policy. In this case the main place is taken by the issues of effective protection of citizens’ interests and those of the society from any external danger, terrorist and other similar manifestations.

The study of the globalism problems has to base on application of systematic and axiological methods of study. This allows the authors to point out positive and negative aspects of the analyzed phenomenon as well as other characteristic features and attributes.

One of the important tasks of establishing an effective social and economic policy is to use the best available scientific achievements for innovative development of priority sectors of the regional economy. At present, there is a problem of insufficient information about the competence of organizations which carry out scientific research. The solution to this problem can be a single database of scientific competences (research schools) ranked in terms of development and prospects. This database can give an idea not only about the directions of scientific research but also on the level of the results available, the personnel and material support. The proposed methodology has a stage nature and aims to identify, evaluate and rank the scientific competencies in natural science and engineering. The first stage of the methodology involves questioning of scientific and educational organizations. The second stage of the methodology consists of conducting scientific expertise of questionnaire material with the help of independent experts in relation to the organizations where there are scientific competences. The third stage of the proposed technique involves drawing up ranking lists of scientific competences. Implementation of the proposed approach will allow the scientific community to have information on the status and resources of certain areas of research for the formation of integration for joint research projects. The completed database of scientific competences will allow potential customers to get information about the opportunity for conducting research in organizations; development institutions will be able to prioritize infrastructure support of innovation activity taking into account the capability of developers of scientific products; and executive authorities will be able to use the information to make well-grounded management decisions on research and innovation development of the region.

The article analyzes an individual social portrait «a typical person» as a «class representative» created by Ivan Goncharov. The article describes a character of a servant in the works of the writer, and provides appropriate conclusions. The writer’s essays are of biographical, historical and cultural interest: such literary works idealized "good old days". The essay "The servants of old age" published in 1888 served this purpose objectively. Relationship between a master and servants of those years were described by the author only throughout everyday life without showing any social conflicts. Ivan Goncharov was mostly engrossed in the national specifics of the Russian life – he saw a variety of possibilities in its elements and observed them meticulously and thoroughly. Specific character of Russian people is reflected in the images portrayed by Goncharov where individuality and originality come to the foreground. In the novel "The Precipice" the author describes the image of idle obsequious servants spoilt by the master's gifts. I. Goncharov as a writer steps away from a traditional essay of classical Russian literature to the realistic traditions of world literature: contradictions and conflicts, "sympathies" and "dislikes". Goncharov as a landlord replaces servants in his house and becomes a witnesses or a "third" party in their private life, and willingly reflects that on the pages of his essay where there are no stories but there are interesting and instructive facts of life. The plot of Goncharov’s essay is a creative transformation of facts taken from life that takes place in the light of artistic and journalistic nature. In general Goncharov’ essay is the author’s reflections on people and deeds: a story that reveals the inner life, psychology with ironic shades and not a dry description of a fact. The subject of a "humble" person – usually a servant – is traced in every Goncharov’s work. If the literature shows a definite, stable and generalized image of a servant, I. Goncharov shows this image in a different way – he created individual typical images. Literary devices used by the author are really varied: a vivid portrait, a satirical description of appearance, and comic situations from life. The basic method of portrait description is the characters’ language (of a servant and a landlord); in most cases it is a dialogue.

The article analyzes peculiarities of functioning of the system-saving mechanism in law; gives a detailed characteristic of its structure and the contents; reveals the importance of this mechanism for ensuring integrity of legal subject. The author studies such structural elements of this mechanism as principles, goals and objectives of the law, legal presumptions and fictions, prejudices, spacing and conflict rules. All the abovementioned elements of the system-saving mechanism carry out peculiar handling of legal material, determine contents and implementation of each legal norm and institution. As a rule, they fixed in formal juridical sources of law and affect the emergence and development of legal relationship, i.e. they ensure the consistency of these legal phenomena and thereby maintain the integrity and unity of the entire legal system. The author concludes that the system-saving mechanism in law is a complex of the system-saving elements which ensure integrity and unity of the law; it is a specific construction or internal structure that forces interconnected but flexible elements of the legal system to commit necessary actions. This mechanism is necessary in each sector because without it the law will become powerless, not capable of performing its functional purpose. The system-saving mechanism improves, animates and humanizes legal reality through adaptation and innovation of the elements of the legal system with regard to realities of modern public relations by improving their limited abilities and correcting them. This leads to precise adjustment of the mechanisms of law regulation and fixing defects in law. Thereby it eliminates intra-system and logical contradictions in the contents of legal norms, ensures succession and consistency in development of law and perception of progressive provisions of other social subsystems, identifies viable legal regulations, and creates conditions for modeling and creation of future legislation.

This article covers the study of terms “cohesion” and “coherence” as main text characteristics and the analysis of their use in the works of English and Russian linguists. The necessity in the study of these terms is caused by the fact that a number of different linguistic approaches consider the issues of cohesion and coherence of a text from their own point of view and, consequently, use of their own terminology. As a result, the term ‘cohesion’ is sometimes misunderstood and confused with the term ‘coherence’, the former involving the study of grammatical factors of text, the latter focused on the semantic meaning and cognitive structure of texts. However, sometimes these notions are interpreted in different ways. Thus, they may be regarded as synonyms, antonyms or ‘cohesion’ may denote both these terms in one. The linguistic componential analysis of the above-mentioned terms allowed to identify their main differential characteristics, as well as to find their hyperonyms and hyponyms. On the basis of this analysis the authors try to compare and analyze the definitions of the key terms of the study, make the componential presentation of their minimal meanings and give them strict definitions. This allows to prove that these concepts differ from each other, and to find factors that unite them all with other text characteristics.

When inhabiting new territory Kuban Cossacks tried to preserve the old traditions of the Cossack community. The Provisions regulating the management of the Kuban Cossack army describe the functions of the army ataman, in particular that living in stanitsa. The author considers in detail the provisions of the legislation of the Russian Empire which regulated atamans’ functions until 1870.

At the end of the nineteenth century, in 1860 there was a consolidation of the Black Sea army with the first six brigades of the army formerly known as the Caucasian line troops. The army, formed as a result of this governmental decision, received the name of the Kuban army. Each part represented a separate entity – the Black Sea army was governed by the provisions of 1842. The internal structure of the former Caucasian line Cossack troops of 1845 was regulated by "Regulations of the Caucasian line Cossack troops".

Cossack ataman, if he were not of an officer rank, he was acknowledged as a cornet for the whole period as he was an ataman. In case of death, illness or resignation of the village ataman or any of the judges before a specified term of three years, their places were taken by the candidates who were included in the list of candidates for this position and were ranked high. The village government was represented by local executive power acting on the whole space of each village Yurt. All the Cossacks of the village had to unquestioningly comply with the lawful requirements of the village government.

The Cossack atamans of line villages were called the village chiefs. The village chiefs headed the village government. All Cossacks and officers as well as unauthorized persons residing in the villages were subordinated to the village government.

In subsequent years the changes in the management of the villages of the Kuban Cossacks happened on the eve of the 1870s of the 19^th century. On the basis of the researched legislative sources the author comes to the conclusion that the Cossack ataman searched and found support in the environment of the Cossack communities of the newly formed Kuban army.

The article researches the form-producing potential of onomapoetics in Rasputin`s «Final dates». The artistic status of the characters’ names is regarded in the scope of fundamental issue of ontological meaning of the word. Through the entire narration the character’s name specifies the author's message, the ideal prototype the implication of which is a vital task of the man. In the author’s opinion the issue of a name acquisition is the main topic in Rasputin`s works because it relates to many basic aspects: existential, cultural, and national. And the subject of continuity between the name category and the image category in the works by Rasputin makes the core of the subject matter researched in the article. As the name category seems to be aesthetic, the study of this issue has required the research of the Russian philosophical onomatology and to Losev’s and Florensky`s aesthetic theory. Thus, these philosophers not only scientifically grounded and dialectically developed the symbolic structure of the word containing intersection of various areas of objective reality, but they also revealed the antinomy between the ideal nomination and empiric nature of the character which is specified as the most important constructive factor of the literary work. Analysis of the proper name poetics based on the findings of philosophical onomatology has essential importance in analysis of the literary work. That means that the artistic images of the text are expressed through relations between a prototype and the image in the name structure of the character. In other words, the name is viewed as a spiritual archetype that organizes the artistic image and represents a word which exposes the energy of the entire humankind revealing through a person and expanding the frames of empirical world.

Different chronotope variations of a way and road are important for mythological discourse where space and time are inseparable. Archaic consciousness clearly structures the infinite space. Here one can meet such archetypal symbols as the hub of the universe, the stone, the world mountain, the world tree and others. If we speak about local oppositions, which are typical for mythological scope, first of all there will be such oppositions as space and chaos, earth's world and deadman kingdom, underground world and divine, north and south, and others. As for temporal oppositions they are: contrasting of spring, summer and of autumn, winter. The physical movement of characters in the locus and the time, their mental wandering always act as basis for the plot and sense in the mythological discourse. Usually the locus and time represent a single whole in the archaic conscious which is strikingly traced in specific examples from Indian, Old Russian and ancient Greek mythology. The Slavic mythology is not the exception – it has the Indo-European origin. Here the space and the time are important for realization of the motive of wanderings. Different local and temporal orients are necessary in the mythological hypertext; it helps the characters to fight with the evil and to surmount difficult obstacles. The concept of a way gives rise to different kinds of travel – from a physical way to a mental one. And the physical wandering is impossible without spiritual wandering; it always entails mental growing of the character. It often bears different variants of this motif. So, the motif of wanderings in the mythological discourse is presented as the invariant which can attract various meanings.

This paper presents the analysis of psychological defense mechanisms as a factor that impairs overcoming of psychological barriers among students. Analysis of the literature shows that many researchers consider psychological defense mechanisms as strategies for overcoming of psychological barriers. There is no a single classification of psychological defense mechanisms; the author uses in her study the classification of R. Plutchik, as the most common one. That classification gives such types of psychological defense mechanisms as denial, repression, regression, compensation, projection, replacement, intellectualization, reaction formation. Psychological defense mechanisms may not only be supporting tools used to overcome psychological barriers, but also may slow down the process. This differentiation is provisional because in different situations each psychological defense mechanism can act as a facilitating factor as well as impeding the development of a personality. This paper presents a correlation analysis of indicators of intensity of psychological barriers and severity of psychological defense mechanisms. Psychological defense mechanisms are considered in the article as factors hindering and contributing to overcoming the psychological barriers in academic activities. Data analysis of the correlation analysis has proved that some of their protective mechanisms (replacement, compensation, reaction formation) allow the student to ease the discomfort associated with a situation of collision with the psychological barrier, and are contributing factors of overcoming the barriers. Other kinds of defence (denial, repression, regression), on the contrary, hinder the process of overcoming and act as factors for overcoming the psychological barriers. But it's worth noting that this division is provisional because in each particular situation each psychological defense mechanism can act as a facilitating factor as well as one, impeding the development of a personality.

Clustering represents an organizational form of modernization of modern economy for the purpose of increase of its competitiveness and provides classification, certain approaches and principles of its formation.

The following points are considered in the article: a) definitions of a cluster and principles of its formation in relation to various scientific areas of economy as an association of various economic entities interconnected with each other by the development and ensuring implementation of joint projects on the terms of mutually beneficial partnership; b) legal bases, methodical recommendations on development of territorial clusters and their advantages in comparison with activity of separate economic entities; c) economic terms influencing the development of territorial clusters such as an existence of material and resource base, geographical and cultural advantages, suppliers of production factors, serving infrastructures, existence of demand for production or services, environmental conditions including the state support of the priority directions of social and economic development; d) main participants and types of territorial clusters.

The represented approaches, principles and classification of territorial economic clusters have allowed to give author's definition of a territorial cluster as an association of economic entities, including educational and research organizations, on the local small territory or within one or several subjects of the Russian Federation, or interstate scale, on the principles of functional dependence of the participants that provide synergetic effect from interaction by one or several types of economic activity.

The study of aspects of information exchange of a subject of evidence with an expert is motivated by the uniqueness of the expert procedural status, since he, as well as an investigator, takes part in evidence forming – he makes the expert’s conclusions. The conclusion of expert is a complex according to the form and content criminal evidence. The investigator, while learning the facts of criminal event by the investigation of the expert’s conclusions, does not co-operate directly with an object but studies cognitive content which is already expressed. In this case, the analysis of the object takes place, although this analysis is accomplished not by the direct co-operation with the object but by the study of that cognitive content that is already expressed. In this case, a sign system is not the "second reality" that substitutes the "first reality" – the world of real objects – in the process of learning but is just a method of possible cognitive activity of the subject of evidence with the only reality he deals with in the process of cognition – with a real object. But the object in this case comes before the investigator not directly, as a tangible item, trace (as by the view of place of occurrence), but indirectly, through the other persons’ vision. 

The article demolishes points of view according to which the subject of evidence is unable to estimate the scientific validity of the expert’s conclusions. The process of cognition during the expert investigation procedure is complicated enough, and, in addition, it depends on the number of factors and circumstances. As any other evidence, the conclusion of expert should be estimated by an investigator according to its admissibility, relevancy, and reliability and the evidentiary value. The expert’s conclusion admissibility depends on the full accordance to the requirements of article 204 of CPC. The relevancy and reliability of such evidence characterize the research part of the expert’s conclusion and the findings. From the point of view of information exchange, such evaluation of evidence is one of the conditions for creating the identic knowledge of the evidence subject.

The article presents approaches to definition of the concepts "innovation" and "innovation project". The concept "innovation" has been the subject of scientific discussion for a few years. The first and the most accurate definition of the "innovation process" was given by the Austrian economist J. Schumpeter. Later, in 1930, he and G. Mensch determined "innovation" as an embodiment of scientific discovery into a new technology or product. All further studies in this field were connected with this first definition of "innovation", though revealing its broader understanding. Thus, having analyzed the works of foreign and Russian scientists researching innovation activity from the beginning of the 20th century, the author has determined three approaches to the concept "innovation". They are "innovation as a result", "innovation as a process", and "innovation as a modification". The author’s research has also revealed the regularities due to which Russian and foreign scientific schools are affected by one of these approaches while defining the concept "innovation". This regularity is proved by official documents and legislative acts that also define the concept "innovation" as referred to one of these approaches. The concept "innovation project", in comparison with the concept "innovation", appeared much later in scientific scope. As a rule all the definitions of "innovation project" have a common sense load, but there are some exceptions because of the variety and controversion of the concept "innovation" itself. Thus, the absence of the conventional approach to the definition of the given economical categories specifies the main goal of the article. The author has to analyze the definitions of the most prominent representatives of scientific schools researching the problems of innovation economics, and to outline the author's approach to the definitions of the abovementioned concepts.

This article examines the economic substance – these are long-term investments that allow creating an object the operation of which is expected to bring material or social benefit.

It is emphasized that investment is the capital invested in creation, acquisition or improvement (reduction, refinement) of business objects or other activities for their subsequent long-term operation (in order to obtain material or social benefits). Any effective implementation of investment activity requires having a clear idea not only about the economic nature of investment, but also about existing forms and types of investments and their classification. In this respect the article analyzes the basic features according to which investments can be classified. Investments are classified into real and financial by the investment objects; into short-term, medium-term and long-term on terms of operation of the facility investment; according to the methods of investment – into direct and indirect; by the origin of investment – into domestic and foreign; by ownership of investment – into private, public and mixed; by the focus on the investment process – into internal and external.

The article gives the definition of hoarding investment: it is investment of funds in the purchase of precious metals. A distinctive feature of these investments is the lack of current material effect after their implementation. The effect can usually be obtained only in the case of sale of these objects at a higher price. However, hoarding investment is a very reliable form of capital investment because in different periods of economic instability gold is always in high demand, and during the stagnation period of some or all sectors of the economy, gold is a liquid asset.

The author offers efficient methods to regulate investment activities for economic recovery and attraction of domestic and foreign investors into the economy of the region.

The article is devoted to the linguistic study of the literary English text using the example of considering the denotative content of future tense, where the main role belongs to the absolute anthropocentricity of the text. The relevance of the article is that during recent decades the interest of philologists to the issues of text structural-semantic organization and especially to the literary text has significantly increased. However, in our opinion, the denotation aspect of the future tense, associated with the author's individual knowledge of the world, is not well investigated. It concerns the modern view on the denotative future tense as on one of the fundamental problems of linguistics. The author identifies the components of the denotative content, explores its expression using the examples of the contemporary literary sources and comes to the conclusion that they can be expressed in the form of the global situation, macro- and micro-situations. In the process of research their main characteristic is given, the specific denotative content of the future tense, which is based on the images of the main characters are determined. In the result of the research, the author comes to the conclusion, that the future tense is the expression of categorization of tensed situation of the reconstructed author’s real world. The system of denotative tense, which is formed in the man’s thinking, represents a dynamic situation form described in the text. This form is called the denotative structure of the text and reflects the structure of its content, which is the result of thinking and understanding. In addition, the components of the denotative future tense are restricted by the global situation and the macrostructure of the text. They also carry the information individually significant for the author. The specific of the denotative future tense is in its referential meaning appeared in the images of artistic characters. It means that the future tense represents the overcoming of the discrepancy between the linear connection of events in the text and its comprehensive content. The result of this linguistic study is a new concept of the text semantic organization which considers the text as a complex structure formed in the result of communication between the author and the reader.

The class of pronouns in modern Russian language is specific and grammatically heterogeneous, especially in comparison with other grammatical classes. As concerns paradigmatics, pronouns have the characteristics of words which they substitutes in speech. Traditional description of the pronouns paradigmatics is logical only in those cases, when they are considered independently of one another. In complex descriptions of their grammatical qualities the great number of contradictions appears, as the pronominal words unlike notional words have wider system of syntagmatic relations in comparison with paradigmatic relations, and for that reason it can not be expressed by the paradigm properties. Functional approach allows to define, what is the feature of the pronoun paradigmatics compared to other nominal classes of the Russian language. Every Russian pronoun has the special system of form change. From the point of view of paradigmatics of modern Russian language practically all pronominal paradigms are anomalous. Unlike the paradigms of other classes, pronominal paradigms are secondary in relation to communicative forms; and they are mechanically formed complex. This fact increases the significance of the concept of the importance of functional quality of each pronominal form in comparison with the words of other parts of speech of the language. The pronouns act in the language in independent communicative forms rather independent of paradigm. Each of them has its own functional potential that is set not by a paradigm, but by the relations of this form with the text environment.

The article is devoted to the general principles of law and the specifity of their representation in the decisions of constitutional courts of the subjects of the Russian Federation. The analysis of judicial acts passed by the constitutional courts of the subjects of the Russian Federation allowed to reveal the role of the constitutional courts of the subjects of the Russian Federation in development of the complex juridical structure of the initial principles of law or the separate elements of such structure. The author, while considering certain select judicial acts of the constitutional courts of the subjects of the Russian Federation, discovered some peculiarities of interpretation of the general principles of law that allows to cover the sphere of public relations affected by these principles. In some judicial acts of the constitutional courts of the subjects of the Russian Federation we can reveal the juridical structures of certain select legal principles that allows to characterize their integral legal constitution. The analysis of judicial acts of the constitutional courts of the subjects of the Russian Federation allows to define the significant role of the constitutional courts of the subjects of the Russian Federation in a uniform interpretation of legal principles that allows to show the sphere of public relations covered by certain select principle of law more complete, to disclose their legal structure that is the main issue allowing to regulate public relations. It contributes in consolidation of legality in a legal state declared by the constitution. Besides, the author makes a conclusion that the most complete legal structure of legal principles, including the general principles of law, consists of determination of the subjects and the objects of legal relations according to their implementation, content, principle of action, system connections with other principles of law, mechanism and legal guarantee of their implementation.

The article considers the technique of increase of high school students motivation to a healthy lifestyle, and to physical training in particular. The authors describe hygienic norms of daily physical activity and prove that the lessons of physical training are intended to solve the problem of hypodynamia. They give classification of stimulants to physical training and the reasons for decrease of motivation to this kind of activity. Among the reasons for decrease of motivation to a healthy lifestyle and physical training we should distinguish the inconsistency of the educational program and the needs of students, high level of anxiety, insufficient information awareness of students on the healthy lifestyle. The authors suggest changing the structure and the content of lessons considering personal interest. They prove the use of introduction of theoretical physical education class providing minimization of negative motives to a healthy lifestyle by means of activities for teambuilding. The article presents the results of experimental research on evaluation of dynamics of the motivation level of high school students to physical training classes. To evaluate the level of motivation we used the following criteria: the rate of absence without reasonable excuse, an average annual mark for physical training, physical activity in sport sections. At the second stage of experiment the authors has developed practical actions for increasing motivation to a healthy lifestyle and physical training. The program was extended by a variative part: lapta, athletic gymnastics, handball, badminton. Experimental work on increase of motivation level of the students to a healthy lifestyle and physical training allowed to discover change of the students attitude to their own health and the increasing number of participants in various sport activities.

The article is devoted to quality improvement of bachelors training on the program "Food engineering of small enterprises" at the university on the basis of implementation of competence-activity approach. Changes in social life, global problems of human civilization (ecological, anthropological, and economic) caused by the development of the information society, increased the requirements for the quality of food, which is the object of activity of future bachelor of the profile "Food engineering of small enterprises." Willingness for engineering activity in the sphere of food production is formed during professional training creating conditions for the development of adaptively important qualities of future bachelors. The importance of quality of bachelors training on the program "Food engineering of small enterprises" is caused by the fact that it helps to strengthen the prestige of technical education, to attract talented young people to the universities training bachelors on the program "Food engineering of small enterprises," to integrate Russian education system into the international educational environment in accordance with the Bologna Declaration. Without any doubt, the initial methodological framework for quality assessment of bachelors training on the program "Food engineering of small enterprises" today is a competence-based approach. Competence is a complex personal resource giving the ability to interact effectively with the environment in a particular area; competence provides a basis for adaptation of a bachelor in production and technical sphere. Professional competence is not only material resources for carrying out activities which timely performance requires a bachelor trained on the program "Food engineering of small enterprises” to be mobile. The problem of competence is never raised such acutely as in the case of professional formation of the bachelor. The society is reasonably confident that people offering services in the sphere of education, should be competent, as well as those who teaches them. Having analyzed the above said, we should note that the actual problem for Russia is the education quality improvement.

The article covers the topical issues of development of qualified teaching staff as the factor influencing the quality of social rehabilitation of children without parental support living in social risk or hard circumstances, and prevention of child abandonment. The importance of this subject is caused by the necessity of theoretic understanding and methodological rationale of the essence of socio-professional competence of the teacher and the conditions for its development. The authors explain the substance of the notion “socio-professional competence of a social orphanage teacher” as the individual new formation developed in the result of integration of conscious systems of values and motives, personal qualities, the experience of social interaction, professional knowledge and skills, and ensuring variable solution of non-standard occupational situations and successful self-realization in teaching activities. The article presents the main components of the competence in question: value-motivational, psychological, social, functional. The notion “organization-educational environment” is determined taking into account the research tasks. The authors determine and prove the set of organization-educational conditions for development of socio-professional competence which consists of the following list: 1. Updating of methodological resources as the effective means for development of socio-professional competence of a teacher of specialized institution for children; 2. Activization of subjective status of a teacher through creation of the system of teaching activities quality assessment; 3. Motivation of the teacher activity on development of socio-professional competence through his/her participation in the process of self-check. The authors give the concept of such definition as “updating of methodological resources”. The authors note the advantages of methodological activity management directly in the institution. The article considers the possibility for teacher activity quality assessment. The authors defined the objectives of self-check of formedness of socio-professional competence of a teacher.

Improvement of professional education quality of future doctors, in accordance with new Government Standards, require to develop future doctors’ speech culture, as an integral part of personal and professional culture. Analysis of the definitions “speech”, “culture”, “professional culture”, “communicative culture”, “speech culture” makes it possible to consider professional speech culture as an integrative personal quality, based on the complex of standards, theoretical and practical skills, referred to medicine, that makes professional communication process successful. The meaning “professional speech culture” is composed of structural (cognitive and professional) and functional (normative, professionally-communicative and personality oriented) components.

The definition of the process of development of medical college students’ speech culture is interrelated with formal revision of the content and structural elements of this notion. It requires to detach criteria and parameters in order to determine the level of future doctors’ speech culture.

As the criteria were chosen: normative, professionally-communicative and personality oriented components of cognitive activity. As a result we have three levels of medical students speech culture: advanced level (productive), medium level (reproductive), low level (acceptable). The usage of these criteria helps to detect changes in development of speech culture of medical college students, during all their educational period.

This article discusses the issues of international cooperation between Russia and China in the field of higher education, as well as international educational activities of Blagoveshchensk State Pedagogical University and the universities of China. International cooperation between higher education institutions of the Russian Federation and the People's Republic of China is significantly extended and deepened in recent years. It was facilitated by such activities as: the Year of Russia in China and the Year of China in Russia, the Year of the Russian Language in China and the Year of Chinese Language in Russia. The forum of rectors of higher education institutions of the Far East and Siberia, the Russian Federation and the North-eastern provinces of the People's Republic of China that is held every two years either in China or in Russia plays the important role in development of international cooperation.

Currently, BSPU has chosen the following directions for developing academic mobility of young people in cooperation with Chinese universities: 1) Education for foreign students. 2) Student exchange projects. 3) Confucius Institute programs. 4) Cooperation with the “Russkiy Mir” Foundation. 5) Scientific cooperation.

BSPU began active international cooperation with Chinese universities in 1989, when the first contact with Heihe University was established. Since September 1991, after the receipt of the license of the Ministry of Education, BSPU began to teach Russian as a foreign language on the specialty program “Teacher of the Russian Language in Secondary Schools and Specialized Colleges”. In 1993 the Department of Russian as a foreign language was opened.

Since 2003, Blagoveshchensk State Pedagogical University and Heihe University started joint undergraduate program for Chinese students. Currently, this program is also available for the students from Suihua University.

Since 2007, BSPU sends its students for summer and winter language study placements throughout China. Many students continue their post-graduate study in well-known Chinese universities thanks to the Confucius Institute scholarship programs.

Each summer and winter holidays about 70 students go to the universities at Weihai, Dalian, Qingdao and Harbin.

All abovementioned is just a brief description of the available potential for international cooperation between BSPU and Chinese universities within the frames of development of young people academic mobility. Growth of international activities between universities of two countries enhances interuniversity cooperation, deepens and improves the partnerships and closer cooperation between two nations.

In this article the author analyses different approaches and models of patriotic education of schoolchildren. It was found that some of the educational models are obsolete, the others are actual, but they are based on the meaning that it is impossible for children to love their motherland without loving their hometown. This model of patriotic education of schoolchildren in the interaction with the environment simulates the internal structure of the process of partnership both teachers and children, defines the character of this process and directs to develop positive emotional attitude of children to the surrounding environment and people. This model focuses on pedagogical conditions of patriotic education of schoolchildren in the process of interaction with the environment (based on the principles of multiculturalism, personification and socialization; on understanding new approaches to patriotism and patriotic upbringing. The elementary school curriculum should contain the educational information about proximate natural and social environment of the schoolchildren; organization of patriotic activity, available for children of elementary school level and assessment of the results of this activity. This model contains different forms and methods of patriotic education based on emotionally valuable, cognitive and behavioral components.

The effectiveness of the pedagogical model of patriotic education of schoolchildren in the interaction with the environment is determined by different concepts and ideas necessary for manifestation of patriotism, typical for children of primary school level (they are: communicative, cognitive, artistically-aesthetic as well as methods of getting into patriotic actions through game and labor activities).

One of the main trends of modern reform of the Russian Federation educational system is the application of distance learning modes. In this connection, it becomes necessary to encourage students to work by themselves. It forms the content and level of knowledge, skills and abilities desired for decision of certain educational problems by the students at each stage of their motion from ignorance to knowledge, and creates the attitude for regular knowledge acquisition and development of skills to know scientific data when deciding new educational problems. Self-directed learning is the most important provision for self-organizing and self-discipline of a student and the instrument of educational guidance and management of self-directed cognitive activity of a student during the education process. There are several models of presentation of learning information for rational organizing of self-directed work of students: text, tabular, graphic methods of information presentation, and presentation of information using the lists. Text method of information presentation is the information presented as a text. Presentation of the text as a table is more structured, visually compelling and very understandable. There are several graphical schemes for the information structuring. Clusters – this scheme allows to present large amounts of information.  Mental maps allow to present graphically large amounts of information. Denotative diagram includes presentation of complex concepts using the keywords. The scheme "Fish-bones" helps to describe cause-and-effect relations. Graphic method of the information presentation is the most efficient method as it presents the information in more structured and systematized form, makes it more visually compelling, comprehensible, good for visual memorizing.

Education system is the basis for dynamic economic growth and social development of the society. It encourages the formation of learning organizations where the knowledge intellectualization and the knowledge transfer during teamwork play special role. Priority position of the learning organizations is the ability to learn, get practical, and not abstract knowledge and skills. In this case, the learning process is an integrated process in the context of everyday teamwork.

Any teamwork has its own characteristics. One of them is the development of knowledge and skills sufficient for task solution, the absence of which will cause the failure of teamwork. For this reason, the need for continuous updating of knowledge potential of each team member is being formed.

Knowledge transfer in learning systems is closely related to the staff competence, which demonstrates willingness and ability to reproduce their knowledge and to integrate them with others in order to achieve identified goals. The information-educational system (IES) can act as an integrator of learning organization knowledge component.

Higher education institution, where educational training system exists but requires mechanisms of development of the information-educational component, was considered as a learning organization.

This article proposes the original conceptual approach to designing of the core of the information-educational system for the learning organizations. The authors have reviewed the structuring mechanisms for the convergence of producers and users of new knowledge for the purpose of rapid commercialization of research results. Convergence, in this context, is understood as a consistent resolution of alternative and minor problems until the final decision characterizing the research goal achievement is not determined.

The novelty of the proposed solutions consists in the specification of the core structure of the information-educational system for the learning organization. IES core content is formed on the base of factors providing minimum requirements to the training programs complex and its content. One of the main core factors that have not been taken into consideration before is the knowledge convergence factor.

The article focuses on the problem of definition of the term “quality of education”, which is considered in the context of current state of research activities in Philosophy, Social Science, Psychology and Pedagogics. Basic scientific approaches and issue characteristics of the educational quality content are discussed in this article. It is shown here, that the «quality of education» is complex and polysemic meaning and currently there isn’t any conformal idea about its issue and content. But from the pedagogical point of view, the structure and the content of this meaning are indicated in this work. Analyzing the category «quality of education» the article authors notice that there are different aspects of its meaning in scientific researches: they emphasize on its objective and informative aspects, outline its staging point and conditions, that influence on education quality; point out individual result as a major component of education. This result is a combination of socially inducted factors: knowledge level, skills, abilities, valuable attitude to the World, and the other factors inherent for graduate person. Theoretical analysis of the basic scientific approaches to specification of the content of the meaning “quality of education” make it possible to draw a conclusion that this meaning has hierarchic structure, moreover the application level of this term is wide ranging. We can say about “quality of education” at the international level: about quality of national educational system; about quality of educational institution and about university student qualification. It is noticed that in the context of research, done in this article, the most important is to use the meaning “quality of education” towards the learners and for practical purpose; to understand this meaning as ”qualitative changes” in educational process and learning culture that can be identified as knowledge, skills and values quality improvement, that acquired by the learners at any stage of educational process. In this research work the author suggests the definition of the meaning “quality of education” in the context of educational process in modern higher education institution.

The article analyses special aspects and key problems of the modern information-educational environment (IES).

In the authors’ opinion, one of these aspects is the superdense information richness of the environment which makes the ability of a person to search the necessary information quickly and to adapt it to the goals and tasks a significant factor of successful professional activity of an individual. The other aspect is the necessity for optimization and simplification of the process of IES supporting with standards, educational software tools, program-methodical complexes, and other electronic information-educational resources. Except these material and technology aspects, the authors analyze psychology-educational aspect of IES which defines the priority of the teacher’s personality in any pedagogical system, regardless of the level of computerization, technification and internetization of its environment and emphasizes the fact that the essential personality features are formed not from the volume of the information received, but from interpersonal communication.

When analyzing the problems of IES, the authors put emphasis on the necessity of formation of the information-communicative technologies (ICT) thesaurus as the open system of unambiguous data on any field of knowledge allowing a person or a computer to be conversant in it. There are a number of other key problems of IES: teacher’s psychological and organizational unreadiness to work within the modern hi-tech educational environment; teacher’s commitment to his/her stereotypes of activity arrangement without use of means of ICT or, on the contrary, the recognition of ICT to be the only acceptable mono-technology for planning and organizing educational process and its management. A certain group of IES problems consists of the deficiency of opportunities for improvement of teachers information and technological competence accounted for discrepancy between the material base condition of the educational organization and modern requirements or, on the contrary, the congestion of the environment with computer tools against its acquisition with the license software. This fact does not help the achievement of the estimated educational result because of the students physiological and information fatigue, and complicates the process of their information perception and digestion.

The authors opinion is that the list of given aspects and problems of modern IES can contribute in creation of conditions for improvement of quality of teaching and educational process.