No 4 (2014)

It is reasonable to process wastewater containing manganese ions due to the fact that after the fall of the Soviet Union the main manganese deposits remain outside Russia. That is why it is very important for the Russian Federation to find new sources of different manganese compounds widely used in metallurgy and other industries. Electrochemical methods are considered to be the most promising trend in the technology of water purification. These methods provide maximum concentration and recovery of valuable components from industrial solutions. Besides, they are environmentally safe and make it possible to avoid «secondary» water pollution with anion and cation residues which are typical for reagent methods. The main idea of the suggested method can be described in the following way: molecular chlorine is formed in the process of electro-treatment of chloride-containing solutions; this molecular chlorine reacts with water and forms active forms of chlorine-containing oxidizing agents, so called “active chlorine”. Then the “active chlorine” comes into contact with Mn (II), the redox process takes place and Mn²⁺ ions oxidize into insoluble Mn³⁺ and Mn⁴⁺ forms. While developing the technology of deposition of Mn²⁺ ions from wastewater a set of sequentially executed operations, including pre-staged extraction of copper ions and iron, is performed. Тhe suggested complex technology of the gradual recovery of copper, iron and manganese ions is quite simple and efficient; it does not require sophisticated equipment and can be used both separately and as a part of the existing system of wastewater purification facilities. Тhis technology can be used for establishing a closed cycle water supply at the mining-and-processing enterprises. Тhe products produced by this technology are the high quality raw material for metallurgy. The introduction of this technology will significantly reduce the environmental burden in the region.

Metal-based catalysts are widely used in manufacturing sector and ecology. Porous ceramic or oxide base with active metals applied on it by various methods is usually used as the catalysts carrier. The main disadvantage of the existing technology is poor adhesion of metal and the base, low mechanical toughness, poor heat transfer and the contact of the catalyst with gas. Recently, the catalysts on the base of nonprecious metals and their oxides, applied and fixed on the carrier in the form of mesh (for example, made of stainless steel) are considered to be advanced catalysts. They are stronger; they have high thermal conductivity, are easily regenerated, and assure good contact of gas and catalyst. However, metal carriers in the form of meshes have small specific surface area relative to the porous ceramics, so it is necessary to develop the methods of extension of          specific surface area of the metal base of catalysts. 

The authors propose a method of extension of specific surface area of the metal mesh – the carrier made of stainless steel for creation all-metal catalysts. This method showed that under different annealing conditions we can obtain developed surface of mesh – the carrier in the form of nano-whisker structures or micropores connected by channels; and form specific surface phase composition including producing of ferric oxide.

The catalysts with developed surface of ferric oxide can be used for production of ammonia, for dehydrogenation of olefinic, alkylpyridine and alkylaromatic hydrocarbons, etc.

The article discusses the features of processing of power transformers isolating parts made of electrical insulating cold- and hot-pressed board. Specific feature of processing of this material, manufactured as a pressed softwood cellulose fiber in the form of plates of required thickness, is the dependence of cutting forces on the temperature conditions, and the texturing of layers in the plate. The authors describe the technology of processing parts of electrical insulating board the main forming method of which is milling. This process uses cylindrical, disc, face and end mills. When calculating the milling forces the article offers to use analytical dependence considering shear processes in the chip area, the friction forces on the front and rear surfaces of the tool, as well as additional components of friction force during forced cutting. To register temperature exposure and associated adhesive plasticization, as well as the increase of viscous forces, it is proposed to use the rheological model in the formula for determining of limit stresses. Experimental research of the influence of technological factors on cutting forces proved the appropriateness of application of suggested analytical dependence for low-speed range. The specific feature of processing in this range is the absence of milling force plastic component during chip removing. Experimental results showed the following differences in processing electrical insulating board and metal. When processing board, tooth mesh frequency of disturbances is practically non-existent within the spectrum of frequency of the cutter spindle drift signal. The article shows visually the results of analysis of the high frequency component of oscillations obtained during the wavelet analysis. Besides, during processing, the oscillations are not observed at natural frequency of tool intersystem even under the limit processing conditions. Due to the increasing dependence of cutting force on velocity, this fact shows that self-oscillations are not possible within studied speed range during processing this material.

The article researches various issues connected with the responsibility of the followers of «particularly harmful heresies» according to the Code of criminal and correctional punishments of 1845 that are referred to the second part «About heresies and schisms» of the chapter «About retreat from the faith and ordinances of the church» of section two «About crimes against the faith» in the original version of the Code of 1845. Taking into account the abovementioned title of the second part, the work emphasizes correlation between the terms «schism» and «heresy». It also considers variants of grouping the articles included into the part «About heresies and schisms» depending on what religious groups they refer to (Old Believers, members of fanatic sects, members of particularly harmful sects, etc.). Thus, the articles more or less concerning those particularly harmful heresies have been identified. Apart from the analysis of the concept «a particularly harmful heresy» itself the article considers a number of issues concerning the responsibility of the followers of those doctrines for advocacy of their ideas. In particular, it deals with comparison of the concepts «dissemination» and «seduction» (into doctrines considered to be heresies) and specific character of punishments for such activity. The article also studies some documents that influenced the contents of the Code articles, including the Highly approved opinion by the State Council dated October 20, 1830 «About the Dukhobors, iconoclast, malakans, the Judaizers, and the other heresies recognized as particularly harmful».

Uncertainty in the financial markets makes a lot of market participants increasingly use structured financial products. The article presents implementation of the structured financial products aimed at problem solving of an insurance company, and also tendencies of development and ways to improve insurance business. A structured financial product represents a complex financial product witch assumes combination of existing financial instruments and meets the requirements of investors on management and risk management, and also promotes the implementation of innovative transformation in financial markets. Implementation of structured financial products occurs through a specific mechanism of interaction between participants of various financial markets and becomes a financial service that has its own consumer price, can cause demand and supply. One can sell structured financial products as a service embodied in certain models of interaction between various market participants through exchange of financial instruments, debt liabilities, risks and cash assets among them. Insurance belongs to the oldest and most sustainable forms of financial and business life that throws back to the distant economic history of the human society. Objective need in insurance at any time was due to the fact that losses caused by sudden or accidental destructive factors, emergencies, facts of negligence could not always be recovered from a guilty person and let to the bankruptcy of the victim. Insurance business deals with specific economic relations between people within the process of manufacturing, distribution, exchange and consumption of material values. Insurance increases the investment potential of the country, facilitates grows of the national welfare, allows solving the problems of social support and pension provision.

The importance of the issue chosen for the current research directly refers to modern reformation process of the educational system of the Russian Federation. Internal control of the university activity is an important and necessary component of the integrated management system of the universities. Definition of its main elements is one of the most important and difficult tasks of the management and staff of higher educational institutions. Lots of variants of determination and interpretation of the concept “control” can be found in the works of Russian economists. By comparing and contrasting the view points of various authors the author suggests her definition of internal control of the university. The article clarifies the nature of the internal control of higher education institution activity, which is to provide supervision of the functioning objects of the control and inspection of the activities to comply with the objectives, standards and laws. Based on the model proposed by the COSO committee (The Committee of Sponsoring Organizations) five main elements of the internal control system of the university activity have been defined. The author emphasizes that if the system of the university internal control has been developed according to recommendations of COSO, it should go through external audit procedure to ensure its compliance with the Sarbanes – Oxley law (SOX). According to the results of the study it has been found that the construction of the internal control system in the higher school should be supplemented with the development of internal control standards, which will clearly specify the controlling bodies, control objectives, methods and forms of its realization. This should become a perspective for further research of the issues of forming the control system of the university activity. 

The article focuses on the issues of the historical importance of the treatise in 19th century in Dagestan and Chechnya. The author makes mentions that the treatise appeared and formed in Russia according to the West European theory of a life-style as the way to overcome "westernism" aimed at preserving traditions and and unique identity of Caucasuan peoples. To study modern history and today's condition of Islam religion in Dagestan the researchers should address the proplems of Sufism and Tarikat, as tarikat historically began its spreading in the Caucasus through the territory of Dagestan in accordance with the Great Silk Road. It had major consequences for Russia. When Dagestan became a part of the southern territory of Russia starting from 1813 under the agreement with Iran, there was an armed conflict that resulted in the Cacasian war that lasted many years.

There is no doubt that today as well as in the past, being the religion of people and truth, Islam aspires to preserve social and intercommunity connections, serves as an impulse for reformation activities with the help of Sufism and Tarikat, which strengthens its humanistic value.  Nowadays there is a sustainable tendency for revival of the treatise, which requires not only a scientific research, but also a corresponding analytic base. Taking into consideration the role and significance of Sufism in the spiritual life of Dagestan peoples, who address it in historical and social practice as well as in their everyday life, it is important to emphasize the enormous influence of this doctrine not only on religious and moral, but also on cultural and spiritual sides of the life of Dagestan Muslims.

Not only Dagestan scientists, but also many national and international researchers show interest in Sufism and Tarikat problems. However, the issue of the attitude of politics towards Tarikat in the Soviet and post-Soviet periods  remains insufficiently studied.

Global changes in world economy that concern Russia, in particular joining WTO and introduction of anti-Western sanctions have a profound effect on the economic development of the entire country and on its regions. Agricultural sector is one of the most important parts of the economy most of all exposed to external changes. The concept of long-term socio-economic development of the Russian Federation for the period up to 2020 identifies the main challenges to be faced in Russia. Overcoming of these barriers is only possible with the use of innovative mechanisms of economic development one of which is the formation of clusters on the meso-level.The development of Samara agroindustrial cluster and its subclusters will be based on further structuring of product lines. The current fragmentation of economic interests of business entities in the agrocluster is one of the main reasons for its unfortunate state. Based on the experience of other countries, the advantages and disadvantages of transition of the Russian economy to the WTO rules will be only visible no sooner than in 2016, but agriculture and agricultural sectors remain most vulnerable. As a result of the introduction of anti-Western sanctions, agribusiness cluster and its subclusters in Samara region will face a number of challenges, particularly the increasing disintegration and mismatch of the cluster members actions; one year sanctions that are negligible for improvement of agriculture in the region, the increase in interest rates for loans based on the current of ruble/euro and ruble/dollar ratio. On the other hand, sharply growing economic efficiency of agricultural businesses with export-oriented activities is quite prospective. The abovementioned problems and prospects of agroindustrial cluster participants require state intervention at the federal and regional level through the formation of various programs of support and lobbying of agriculture producers.

There is a variety of definitions of category "innovation" in the economic literature; various scholars interpret it in a different way. The author of the article has made an attempt to examine the concept of innovation with a theoretical approach. Some authors suggest examining and using the terms “new” and “innovation” interchangeably, meaning a launch of a new product, introduction of a new production method, or the use of a new form of business organization.

The article considers innovative process which is a sequence of certain regulated operations within innovation activity.

Currently, the Russian economy is characterized by the enhanced role of innovative process to improve the quality of economic growth and sustainable development of the regions and the entire country. This study reveals the main problems that affect the innovation activity of business entities. The article cites an excerpt from the Strategy of innovative development of the Russian Federation for the period up to 2020, where all the threats have been justified; the objectives, priorities and instruments of the national innovation policy have been defined.

It also determines which factors of economic growth are affected by innovation activity of economic entities.

In the course of economic changes, innovation system in some way has been destroyed, and the new system adequate to nowadays economic development has not been formed yet, which is largely due to the shortage of investment in innovation. Overcoming of the current situation is not possible without a comprehensive national policy that fosters innovation, formation of organizational and legal conditions for the resumption of a new innovation process and for attraction and supporting of domestic investors.

Functioning of stable market relations in our state is closely connected with formation and development of market of educational services. Formation of market of educational services is a complex process. Understanding of education as a service and its entry into the market assumes application of marketing mechanisms, including financial relations between objects of the market of educational services. Educational services, as any other services, are offered in the market which is understood as a set of the existing and potential buyers and sellers of goods or services. In such a case educational market is the market where demand for educational services from the main economic entities (individuals, enterprises and organizations, government) interact with their offer from various educational organizations. The article considers the concept of competitiveness of educational organization. Competitive advantages of educational organizations are also considered and the system factors of competitiveness of educational market are discussed. Essential positive interrelations of external and internal factors of market environment form objective opportunities for competitiveness development. Essential negative interrelations of external and internal factors of market environment may occur because of discrepancy in orientation of their development.

The formed assessment factors system of competitiveness in the market of educational services is the author’s work and is strictly subordinated to the specifics of this research; it represents necessary tools for achievement of the most advantageous competitive position by the educational organization.

Thus, on the basis of the offered system of factors it is possible to adequately estimate the real level of competitiveness of educational market, identify the main tendencies of market environment, timely catch market conjuncture, analyze carefully and react positively on changing of market conditions, and to enhance competitiveness in general.

In the early 19^th century, by the assent of Alexander II the Astrakhan province at the left bank of the Volga River gets inhabited by the Kazakhs of the little jüs led by the Bukey Khan. Under his successor, Zhangir Khan the basic governing bodies of the Inner Kirghiz Horde were formed; new settlements were laid which hosted the administration and became centers of trade with the nomadic Kazakh population.

At the turn of the 20^th century these communities became centers of trade and economic life of the Horde. The leading role in it within the described period was played by the Tatars coming from the Middle Volga and the Urals provinces, as well as from Astrakhan. Due to religious, ethnic and linguistic community with the Kazakh population, Tatars easily found a common language with the local population which  favoured their trading success. Some representatives of the Tatar families managed within a very short time (one to two decades) to make significant capital out of it.

Peculiarity of the Tatar entrepreneurship in the Horde consisted in the reciprocal nature of trade relations. Supplying the Kazakh population with products of the young Russian industry from the central provinces, Tatars bought their livestock products. These products, in their turn, were in high demand in cloth, leather, textile and other industries in Russia.

In the early 20^th century the Tatar population of the Horde became actively involved in community activities. Cultural and educational society and "new method" schools were created that had a significant impact on the growth of national consciousness and the general level of development of the Tatar community. Despite modest results, they were a factor indicating the growth of social activity of the Tatar population in the Astrakhan province in particular and in the Russian Empire altogether.

This article provides an overview of studies of sex- and gender-related peculiarities capable of affecting the formation and manifestation of such characteristics as tolerance and intolerance. The purpose of this article is to substantiate the need for study of the tolerance formation mechanism. One of our objectives, in particular, is the detection and study of sex-related peculiarities of this mechanism. The article examines such concepts as sex and gender as well as the basic principles of their formation. In the theoretical analysis of data published by researchers, we examined such sex-related features as the display of negative attitudes among men and women, particularity of motivation, the intensity of different forms of ethnic identity. Empathy, self-control, patience, revengefulness, as well as the frequency and intensity of anger display were considered the qualities and personality traits that are capable of influencing the development of tolerance. The article pays attention to the research of aggression display and its various forms in both sex and gender aspects. We managed to identify such sex-related features as behavior in the conditions of interpersonal conflict, the readiness for tolerant attitude in business interaction, the level of compassion for the sick. Personality characteristics that contribute to the manifestation of tolerance in men and women were identified. Men are more prone to argue and vindictive manifestation of intolerance. Women have a higher level of empathy, low level of aggressiveness. In conclusion, the article makes a number of assumptions about the features of the formation and manifestation of tolerance and intolerance among representatives of different sexes.

The article says that the tension index of population health increases under current conditions, and there is a tendency for increase of the number of people with the borderline states and disability. Due to this fact it is very important to prevent the risk of various pathologies by informing people through modern means of communication on the basic rules of a healthy lifestyle.
The article analyzes the main causes of various diseases, determines the links between mental and physical health.

The author distinguishes three main groups of diseases, being the most frequent causes of the increased mortality; they are: cancer, cardiovascular pathology and mental disorders. Besides, the author gives brief descriptions of these groups of diseases and recommendations for their prevention and treatment. The main emphasis of the article is on the necessity for people to live a healthy lifestyle and keep high motion activity; the article states that there are a number of special exercises developed as the part of physical therapy that promotes health improvement of the whole body and treatment of particular diseases.

In addition, the author describes her own experience of participation in prevention and awareness of population of the city of Togliatti: in 2008 – 2010 AUTOVAZ TV channel showed a series of programs consisting of more than 30 items (in the program "Hello!") that explained the causes of different pathologies, the prevention measures, and the means of remedial treatment and physical rehabilitation in modern medicine.

Foreign brands of Russian manufacture cover the top market share of passenger cars. At the same moment, the share of used cars in the total sales constantly decreases. The reason for that fact is the growth of income and the availability of payment schemes, particularly the loans. However, the trends of growth in the new cars sales will not be constant. There are some reasons for that; and the main one is that the new foreign cars bought by the citizens of the Russian Federation in the future will get into the secondary market of used cars. It is necessary to take into account the fact that the high prices for hydrocarbons, which are the guaranty for prosperity of the Russian economy, can not be a sufficiently stable factor. Sharp decrease in demand for hydrocarbons and the subsequent price fluctuations can seriously damage the well-being of the Russians who, under the conditions of income decrease, will give their attention to the available used cars.  It makes sense to conclude that the market segment of used cars will grow by 2020 and come close by its volume to the volume of sales of new cars. The actual practice shows that a client is becoming busier; he has no time for thorough selection and examination of a car and the inspection of its technical condition.

However, the existing scheme of organization of used car sales is far from an ideal. Although the business on used cars with mileage sales is almost completely delivered to the auto showrooms, the schemes of cars receipt and registration are often complex enough.

However, there is a positive experience of the car sales system organization that can be used in the Russian practice.

The article analyzes various approaches to the interpretation of the “anxiety” concepts; one of them sounds as “the individual psychological characteristic developed as the proneness of a person to the frequent and deeply felt anxiety states”; and “the anxiety”, as the response to the impending danger – actual or visionary, that represents diffused, generalized or groundless fear, is connected with the failures expectation. The anxious feeling appears from the first minutes of life, is captured and becomes the inner personal characteristic. The characteristic of an anxious person includes the following statements: personal-significant situation or coming dangers are experienced by this person with different intensity, they are proportional to the degree of danger or the feeling cause significance, are accompanied by the changes in behavior, and mobilize the defense mechanisms of the person. The author defines the trait anxiety when a person is inclined to the permanent anxiety feelings in different reality situations, experiences permanent state of uprush of fear; and the state anxiety caused by a certain situation can play a positive role, be a mobilizing mechanism allowing a person to come to the problem solving seriously and responsibly. The author indicated the anxiety physical functions influencing the cognitive, affective and behavioral reactions of a person. The qualitative analysis of the results of research of the university students’ anxiety during their professional formation showed that the state anxiety is demonstrated by the students at the beginning and at the end of the study, and in the middle of the study this level lowers. The level of trait anxiety is normal at the initial and intermediate stages of the study, and by the end of the study at the university this anxiety level is expressed enough.

This article explores theoretical and practical aspects of interactive marketing communications of the companies using global capabilities of the Internet. The use of interactive marketing in organization of marketing communications has been researched by many scientists. However, there are insufficiently explored issues of the integrated use of resources and tools of the Internet in organization of interactive communications. In particular, theoretical and practical approaches to assessment of marketing interaction between enterprises and consumers in modern conditions require thorough study. This article is actually about that. In modern foreign and domestic literature the issues of the use of interactive marketing communications are considered separately, without a systematic approach that can enhance the competitiveness of enterprises. It has been found that the effectiveness of interactive marketing communication is determined by the volume of sales from online advertising, information about the product and awareness of the benefits of a certain brand of goods. It is shown that the benefits of interactive marketing are: consumer focusing and offering the services unique in their nature and complicated to be repeated by the other enterprises; creation of a virtual shop window; provision of the maximum amount of information; ease of use; socialization of work; consumer incentives; safety and reliability; convenience in delivery and payment of goods; after-sale service and maintenance; integration of on-line-business and infrastructure of traditional business. However, the author comes to the conclusion that the desire of managers and specialists of enterprises to take advantage of the Internet and e-commerce often do not coincide with the possibilities of the region where they work. Interactive marketing has other disadvantages, including: limited access of consumers to the Internet, one-sided information about customers, information overload of the network, the likelihood of exposure to malicious computer network and the leak of private information about credit cards and bank accounts, the risk of violations of the law in the process of collection of customers’ personal data, etc.

The article covers the study of the dynamics of state administration quality in Russia in 1996-2013. One of the most comprehensive and prevalent methods for measuring of the state administration quality in the world’s practice is the integral rating WGI (The Worldwide Governance Indicators), proposed by the World Bank in 1996. The authors also use the model of the state-administrative subsystem of Russia based on the author's social and energy approach. A systematic approach and an outlook at the social system from the power perspective lies at the heart of the social and energy approach (SEA). This outlook allows to represent internal and non-system processes as the change or the redistribution of energy within and between systems. The communication fields model and the stochastic equations are also applied.

The authors pay a particular attention to the elements of political background in the assessment of specific indicators of the state administration quality influencing directly the resulting graphic trends. In general, the majority of Russian indices show the slight growth, and some of them look worse than in the early 2000s; this fact does not conform to the real economic and social indicators, which are the direct consequence of the management subsystems quality. The resulting conclusions based on the imitation simulation in MatLab 2009 show that the prognostic nonlinear dynamic model (even if using statistical data) are more independent and politically neutral tools for the assessment of parameters of the power and the state than the algorithms of the integral rating WGI.

The article shows the nature of a town as a social and economic and cultural center of a territory – a possible point of economic growth facilitating the progress on the basis of extension of social division of labour. The author discovered that the urbanization degree of the Russian federal districts is different: the Central and Privolzhsky districts are the most urbanized, and the North Caucasus federal district is the least urbanized.

It is discovered that the towns of Stavropol Territory responded in different ways to the social and economic reforms carried out in two last decades, so their social and economic state is considerably differentiated. 

According to the degree of adaptation of the towns of Stavropol Territory to the carried out economic reforms the author distinguished four groups: adapted, economically adapted, socially adapted, and hard adaptable. The “unprofitable enterprises ratio” index was chosen to evaluate the degree of economic adaptation. The degree of social adaptation was measured by the “population growth” index,

The industrial centers of Stavropol Territory – the towns Nevinnomyssk, Blagodarny, Neftekumsk and Zelenokumsk – became the problem areas. The author proved that the necessity to work to achieve the results of production and urbanization localization.

As the conceptual starting point of the municipal policy development the author suggested considering the conclusion on the necessity to promote the increase in population of industrial towns and their change to the status of big towns, and, at the same time, it is reasonable to constrain the increase in population of recreational towns that is very important from the ecological point of view. The leading industrial towns of the region should become the centers of well-established cluster structures.  

The municipal economic policy of small towns – the centers of agricultural districts should be focused on the development of infrastructure for the agricultural raw materials processing and the production of commodities with high added value.

The development of social infrastructure typical for the modern bedroom communities is the important direction of municipal policy of small towns.

The article deals with the questions of party discipline as one of organizational principles of the ruling political party of the USSR. The Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks) – The All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) (R.C.P.(b) – V.C.P.(b)) paid a great attention to those principles in the 1920s. The authority of the party depended on the mode of action and behavioral culture of rank-and-file party activists and senior party members. The present paper shows the negative facts that existed in the party nomenklatura environment and were a consequence of the changes in the social composition of the party's ranks, the adverse economic conditions in the country and also the lack of an effective mechanism of control by higher authorities. The  Bolshevik party relied on such numerous social groups as the proletariat and the peasantry. Low educational level, lack of competence in solving serious political questions, acquisitiveness and careerism of some party members turned them into grasping people with the petty-bourgeois psychology with their growing demands. The problem had become widespread. To solve it Control Commissions (CC) were formed in 1920 first at the nation-wide level and then at the local level. The paper suggests a case study of Udmurtia presenting some negative developments such as violation of an established order, norms and rules by the senior party members in the period under study. It also analyzes the reasons and methods of reducing malfeasance of the administrative staff. However, as the author concludes, all the party's activities aimed at improving the administrative staff machinery often were not able to provide adequate impact on the breakers of the party's discipline. Personal and corporate interests of the politicians and their desire to improve their material status were more important than the communist ideals declared by the party.

The article shows how mediacriticism was used for positioning of the periodical that had just appeared in the information field; how it was used for evaluation of condition of modern journalism, for building relations with potential allies and barefaced antagonists. The article examines an important episode of the ideological and political struggle in journalism of the 1870s, which revealed a trend towards the concentration of groups of readers around certain media that foreshadowed the emergence of political parties. Journalistic criticism was the harbinger of mediacriticism that touched, in addition, upon a wide range of problems which worried Russian post-reform society: from moral to economic ones. The subject of analysis of this article is the speeches about the Russian press of publicists from the conservative magazine-newspaper "The Citizen" headed by V.P. Meschersky.

During the post-reform period there was polarization of the society by the ideological and political issues; social grouping took place as harbingers of future political parties; these groups started sharp struggle which reflected in journalistic discussions which were later analyzed in mediacriticism. The magazine-newspaper “The Citizen” expressed on its pages commitment to conservative ideology which main values were: government, religion, preservation of the national identity, preservation of the nobility’s leading position, maintenance of patriarchal structure in a family, patriotic orientation of humanitarian education. The main antagonist of “The Citizen” was the liberal party’s body – a newspaper of A.A. Kraevsky “The Voice”, which was supported by a liberal-westernism faction in the government. Meschersky’s tactics towards that newspaper was quite diplomatic: he did not want to start a direct animosity between the periodicals but he had to express disagreement to those statements of “The Voice” that, in his opinion, damaged stability in Russia. Thus, Meschersky balanced his remarks to the political newspaper “The Voice” with the compliments to the literary periodical “Patriotic notes” which was owned both by Kraevsky and N.A. Nekrasov; that explains the balance of power in public opinion.

The relevance of the chosen issue is in the fact that the role of information is steadily growing in the modern world, and a financial situation of an organization depends on the way how financial statements are prepared and assessed. The quality and timeliness of economic information have a direct impact of the business success of entrepreneurial activity in the environment of a market economy, which can be expressed in the profit and the capital increase. This correspondingly makes an influence on the organization’s financial situation. This article examines the nature and content of the accounting financial statements, as well as how to read the information contained in the accounting statements and make relevant and correct conclusions, as this is a high priority task when analyzing a financial situation of commercial structures. These are the results of the analysis that allow to make relevant conclusions and develop a set of recommendations for improving the financial and economic activity of the enterprise and forming its financial resources.

The importance of calculation the net assets indicator is stressed, as it allows to assess objectively both the net worth of the enterprise, and its financial situation. Four stages of the analysis of the enterprise financial statements are given. A set of actions on improvement of the enterprise financial satiation is provided and studied in details. It allows to notice timely and makes work not only external, but also intraproductive reserves, and also improves financial strategy of the enterprise. The importance of this work lies in the fact that in a crisis situation the enterprise has to reduce the volume of production, and the assessment of the actual situation provides an opportunity to develop timely actions on the anti-crisis strategy implementation and the enterprise development.

This article discusses the opportunity for improvement of teacher’s work through the use of information and communication technologies. The authors analyze scientific research in this area; consider the works of the authors describing the process of professional development of teachers and their creative potential. There is a group of contradictions that should be settled, and this therefore will help to achieve the required quality of pedagogical work and form a high level of pedagogical work of a teacher. The article describes experimental work in implementation of information and communicative technologies in educational process. Groups of indicators have been identified which define level of pedagogical skill in terms of usage of information and communicative technologies. The results of stating, forming and control experiments are shown. Within the programme of professional development of the teachers the authors have developed a special training course for the secondary school teachers. The authors' course contains several modules, each of which is focused on the development of certain components of pedagogical skill. The first module of theoretical part deals with psychoeducational aspects of implementation of information and communicative technologies into the teaching process; issues connected with professional adaptation of teachers to their work in the situation of computerization, and issues of their special training in application of information and communicative technologies. The second module of theoretical part reveals the general issues of implementation of information and communicative technologies into the teaching process, rules and principles of development of electronic educational resources for in-class and extracurricular activity. The next module is about the opportunities of the Internet services. At the end of the training course the teachers are supposed to independently develop learning and teaching software tools for multimedia support of their professional activity. All the analyzed results of the executed research allowed making a conclusion that acquiring of skills in application of information and communicative technologies facilitates further professional development of the teacher.

The article emphasizes the important role of physics at technical university as one of the fundamental disciplines that creates a solid base for training of future engineering specialists. The authors focus on the fact that one of the main tasks of physics is the formation of knowledge system of the students. Generalization and systematization are considered as the factors of knowledge system formation. The authors analyzed the problems of formation of knowledge system, identified weak points and discrepancies, and defined the tasks for this problem solution.

The article considers solution of the problem of knowledge system formation during the lectures using supportive lecture notes, as well as the methods of the studies. Special attention is paid to the fact that the basis for development of supporting lecture notes should be based on didactic principles which contribute not only to the formation of knowledge system, but also to the development of skills of the students. The authors offer the technique of making supportive lecture notes which is based on the splitting of theoretical material into modules, in accordance with the curriculum, and each module is to be blocked. Before the lecture the students are invited to revise the studied theoretical material being the base for new topic study, in accordance with the mini-program. The study of theoretical material block implies self-study and team-work of the students and professor. Within each block theoretical material is studied during the lectures using check-questions and task-questions. Express-testing on the whole studied material is provided to make summary of the lectures. A conference is considered to be a form of generalization and systematization of theoretical knowledge. The authors give the results of the experiment and arrive at conclusions about the necessity of the integrated approach to solving the problem of knowledge formation using generalization and systematization techniques, effective means, methods, and methodologies. As the result, the priority issues are noted for further research.

Today, in the modern context of adoption of Federal State Educational Standard for school practice, the issues concerned with the achievement of meta-subject learning results become very important. The article presents the author's vision of the essence of meta-subject competence of the students, gives the definition of its concept, and considers one of the possibilities of its formation.

The concept of the competence is described from the perspective of psychology-pedagogical researches through the person characteristics defining the individual’s ability to organize internal and external resources for the goal achievement and his willingness to use the acquired knowledge and skills in the personally-important practical activity. It is shown that the meta-subject approach is the core of Russian educational system and aims to assure the integral imaginative perception of the world. The interdisciplinary competence is presented as essential and considered as the carrying out of universal (meta-subject) learning activities.

The authors understand its formation as the process of purposeful and well-organized acquisition by social actors of integral sustainable features and qualities needed to get the ability for self-activity, and the willingness to apply knowledge and skills and to carry out universal learning activity. It can be implemented in different ways, and the authors suggest to use distant learning technologies (network projects and Academic Olympics, distance lessons, play extra-curricular activities, etc.).

The meta-subject competence components and their content are identified as: regulative (preparation, planning and development of activity algorithm, self-monitoring and the results evaluation), cognitive (searching, acquisition and critical re-evaluation of the information, the usage of signs and symbols for its systematization), communicative (self-planning of distance educational cooperation, the reference of personal ambitions and other participants interests, productive interaction, the results presentation).

Family and children are one of the government's policy priorities, which makes it necessary to train personnel for work in this sphere. The focus on quality training of bachelors in social work capable of preventing the family ill-being regarding children requires new approaches to defining the content of the student training.  These approaches involve a shift of emphasis from a subject-based approach towards the integration of study disciplines and practices. The article investigates the modern organization of future social workers professional training in higher education institutions and distinguishes interdisciplinary integration and an integrative approach.  The interpenetration of theoretical classes and practical training of the bachelors of social work in the field of prevention of family ill-being regarding children is carried out by emphasizing preventive measures in social work, psychological characteristics of families in a difficult life situation, etc. The establishment of intersubject connections between theoretical disciplines and various types of practical training (work experience, on-the-job training) in professional training of the bachelors of social work in prevention of the family ill-being regarding children is aimed at a strong interconnection with their future professional activity, as well as at practicing their professional knowledge, mastering skills of independent specialized work with families. The article offers the analysis of working programs of the “Social Work” major study plans. It allows to distinguish psychological-pedagogical and professional  disciplines that include various aspects of forming in the bachelors of social work the readiness for prevention of the family ill-being regarding children. Furthermore, they are examined in their consecutive order in the major educational program.

The article analyses a number of organizational and pedagogical conditions that ensure operation of the rating system for evaluation of training quality among technical university students. It shows that successful operation of the rating system is possible only if some particular conditions are met. The authors believe that one of these conditions is the readiness of students and lecturers to in rating evaluation of educational activity. As a result of theoretical studies it was found that the concept of “readiness” to some activity can be interpreted in different ways: as the entire personality object, as “purposeful complex of qualities, knowledge, practical skills and abilities, attitudes, and states”, as the “entire inherent property of a personality, as integrated formation of a personality”. Within the framework of this research, the student’s readiness involves awareness of regulatory documents that regulate the student’s activity in rating evaluation conditions; ability to use the necessary software, work with electronic documents, spreadsheets, make presentations and create databases; a great number of testing materials which implies the ability to use testing technique. Another organizational and pedagogical condition is development of benchmark tests aimed at determination of level of student’s training in each subject including controlling complex of tests in each classroom discipline. At present test checking is very popular both in educational and professional diagnostics. The third condition of successful functioning of a rating system is development and application of software packages which make it possible to calculate rating automatically; storage of control testing materials and test results; informational and methodological support. The authors have come to the conclusion that implementation of the organizational and pedagogical conditions described above might contribute to successful functioning of rating evaluation in real-life educational process.