No 1 (2018)

The paper covers the study of microscopic mechanisms of melting of metals and the structural relaxation of metallic glasses. Despite the extensive efforts and numerous important results obtained in this field, this task does not have a generally accepted final solution. One of the main issues is the microscopic nature of structural defects in metallic glasses – the nanosized regions, which are responsible for the evolution of their physical properties under the external influence.

The interstitialcy theory (IT) proposed by Granato provides the advanced interpretation of nature of such defects. The interstitialcy theory is based on the unique hypothesis of the interstitialcy mechanism for melting of metals and associates heat effects in the glass with the shear elasticity of a maternal crystal.

The experimental study and computer simulation of the diaelastic effect near the melting temperature T_m of crystalline aluminum provided a strong evidence of the avalanche generation of interstitial dumbbells near T_m. In this work, the authors carried out the computer simulation to check the presence of interstitial dumbbells (or similar atomic structures) in the solid glassy state produced in the result of melt- quench.

The computer simulation shows that the amorphous aluminum produced by rapid melt quenching contains a significant number of “defects” similar in their properties to the interstitial dumbbells in the crystalline state. Although these “defects” do not have any well-defined uniform topological structure, unlike the defects of crystal, and they can be exactly identified by their basic properties – high sensitivity to shear stresses and typical low/high-frequency peculiarities of the spectrum of the vibrational density of states of the “defective” atoms.

Using the methods of molecular dynamics and statics, it is shown that the solid non-crystalline aluminum contains the specific atomic configurations similar to the interstitial dumbbells in the crystalline state, which can be considered as the amorphous structure “defects”.

In recent times, more attention is paid to the scientific development of catalysts intended for the solution of the environmental problems. First of all, it is associated with the fact that, every year, the essential increase of the environmental pollution is observed. The Huge ecological loss is caused by the wastewater dumped to reservoirs. One of the dangerous toxic pollutants of wastewater is the ethylene glycol, which is a part of the deicers applied at the airports.

The destructive technologies that include catalytic oxidation are considered the advanced methods of wastewater treatment from organic pollutants. The heterogeneous catalytic oxidation of organic pollutions of water requires the creation of the effective catalysts consisting of several components. 

In this paper, the authors proposed a technique for producing copperzinc coatings with a nanoscale structure and a different percentage content of their components. Using the electrodeposition method, the copper-zinc coatings of two types were produced. The scanning electronic microscopy, the X-ray spectral and X-ray phase analysis and the method of lowtemperature gas adsorption were used to study morphology, phase and element structure and the specific surface of copper-zinc coatings. It is shown that such coatings consist of copper crystals and zinc plates of nanoscale thickness and have high specific surface area. It is noted that the increase of zinc concentration in the coating causes the morphology change and expands the specific surface area. The paper presents the results of preliminary studies of the catalytic activity of the developed material when decomposing ethylene glycol in the presence of ozone/oxygen mixture, which even at this stage showed the level of purification of wastewater from ethylene glycol from 64 to 78 %.

The authors carried out the analysis of the operating modes of photoelectric converters used for solar stations and intended for work both as a part of a unified energy system and for individual consumers needs. It is determined that to increase power characteristics of solar stations photocells, it is very efficient to apply solar concentrators of special de-signs. At the same time, it complicates the equipment significantly, as it is associated with the necessity to equip photoelectric station with the additional systems of tracking and positioning against the sun. In this paper, to concentrate solar irradiation, the authors offered to use the modifying of the photocells receiving surface by depositing a coating of silver nanoparticles produced by the pulse spark dispergation method. The results of the experiments showed that silver nanoclusters deposited on the surface and playing the role of plasmonic particles promote the increase in the number of photons participating in the photoelectric process at the constant stream of incident solar radiation. It allowed improving considerably power characteristics of the regular photoelectric converters used when assembling the industrial photoelectric modules for network power plants. The increase in the nanocoated photocells power grew by an average of 20 %, at the same time, even in the case of lateral incidence of solar irradiation on their working surface, the photoconverters power characteristics were close to the theoretical values, unlike the solar elements without coating. 

The data obtained will promote the improvement of indices and the increase of efficiency of photo-energy plants and devices of different purpose not increasing the area of their receiving surface that will widen significantly the sphere of solar power plants application.

The necessity to manufacture metal structures from non-ferrous metals in one- and heterogeneous combinations is the critical task at the production site. The main constraints when welding fasteners to hull details from non-ferrous metals are the polythickness of the elements leading to uneven heat input and heat dissipation, the difference in electrical and thermophysical properties, as well as the probability of intermetallic phases’ formation due to the mutual diffusion of atoms of the near-surface layers during the dissolution processes and phase transformations.

The analysis of the structural design of equipment components and the difficulties in their production showed that it is necessary to form the welded joint mainly in the solid phase using the highly-concentrated pulsed energy sources. To create physical contact of the parts to be connected, high-voltage capacitor welding with the induction-dynamic drive (HVCW with IDD) can best meet the requirements.

The authors proposed the technique to calculate the parameters of the process of welding fasteners from non-ferrous metals to the hull structures sheet elements. The essence of the process of HVCW with IDD was considered. The paper presents its energy parameters and geometric parameters of the assembly affecting the quality of the welded joint.

The previous theoretical analysis of the HVCW process, the experimental studies and design investigations of the HVCW devices allowed developing a scientifically grounded algorithm for calculating and selecting the parameters of the technological process and the equipment for its implementation. The algorithm provides for two stages of its implementation. At the first stage, the temporary options of the process are calculated. At the second stage, the parameters of the equipment and tools satisfying the condition of solid-phase volume interaction are calculated and selected. Based on the data obtained, the selection of equipment components with the tooling and the subsequent adjustment of welding parameters taking into account the course of the processes in solid phase are carried out.

To reduce the complexity of calculations, software that will allow determining the parameters of the HVCW process, the energy and frequency characteristics of equipment and tooling was developed.

The technology of production of dissimilar joints is associated with the difficulties due to the differences of their thermophysical and other properties and special aspects of the process of joints’ formation. The application of friction stir welding (FSW) technology is the solution to the problem of weldability of bimetallic joints. The paper covers the study of mechanical properties of butt, butt-lap and lap joints of AD1 aluminum and M1 copper alloys, AD1 aluminum alloys and alloyed steels (12H18N10T), AD1 aluminum and OT4-1 alloys.

The subject of the analysis is the design of the edges of parts welded with FSW and the stage-by-stage analysis of the process of formation of butt, lap, tee, and combined joints of copper with aluminum based on the welding modes parameters. The paper analyzes the factors affecting the strength of dissimilar joints of the AD1 aluminum and M1 copper alloys produced with FSW. The influence of the geometry of the prepared edges of parts on the formation of the defect-free and consistent welded joints is studied. The authors showed promising directions of constructive design for various versions of butt joints (butt-lap joints: 30...600 bevel joint, fish-mouth joint, mortise joint) by means of the enlargement of actual contact area of the parts when subjected to loadings of normal or tangential stresses as opposed to the traditional ones operating within the pure tear conditions. The paper gives the results of the static tension tests, recommends the design-engineering techniques aimed at the improvement of the conditions and the activation of the process of formation of the adhesive dissimilar joints. The metallographic research of the welded joints’ macrosections showed the possibility to produce the defect-free welds with the complete weld root penetration; the mechanical tests of the butt, combined and lap joints proved the high level of full strength of dissimilar joints.

From the ecological point of view, high-manganese austenitic steels of 110G13L type are undesirable in the production because of the high emission of manganese oxides to the atmosphere while melting in the electric arc furnaces, gas-oxygen cutting, and welding operations. Another disadvantage of steels of this class is their low initial hardness, which causes the revet closing capacity of the working parts of castings under the conditions of dynamic loads. Moreover, these steels are poorly machinable.

The paper presents the results of the comparative study of the relationship between the structure formed in the process of heat treatment and the abrasive wear resistance of steels of two structural classes - high-manganese austenitic 110G13L steel and the 70H2GSML perlite-class steel. The wide use of 110G13L steel for the production of parts operating under the impact-abrasive wear and the repetitive contact-impact force is caused by the ability for high friction hardening of stable manganese austenite with low energy of packaging defects combined with the good impact strength. The disadvantages of 110G13L steel are the high quenching temperature, poor environmental performance and economic reasons that make it necessary in some cases to replace it with the perlite steels. The study of wear resistance of 70H2GSML perlite-class steel depending on the tempering temperature after normalization showed that this steel could be used for the casting of replaceable cast parts for crushing-milling equipment operating under the abrasive action without significant impact loads after normalization and high tempering. The wear resistance of samples made of 70H2GSML steel with the secondary sorbite structure, when testing steady abrasive, makes 55-60 % of level provided by samples of 110G13L steel, however, the lower cost, manufacturability and the environmental problems in some cases can settle the issue in favor of the application of perlite steel. The additional reserves to increase the wear resistance of 70H2GSML steel involve the quenching at high temperatures due to the formation of the structure of retained austenite that, in the process of abrasive wear, transforms into deformation martensite on the working surface increasing the steel’s friction hardening ability.

With the development of modern technologies, a growing number of plants forming magnetic fields around themselves appear. Since most of the structures and mechanisms operate under the mechanical stresses leading to the de-struction, the study of metals behavior under the external energy conditions is necessary to analyze their operational life. 

To carry out the study, it was decided to use commercial-purity A85 aluminum as a research material. Since at present aluminum dominates the non-ferrous metals market and is widely used in machine building, electrical industry and tool engineering, industrial and civil construction, etc., the issue of modifying this material is very topical.

In this paper, the authors study the influence of weak magnetic fields up to 0.5 T on the structure and deformation char-acteristics of aluminum for the possibility of plasticizing the material and further application of this technology in the pro-duction, as well as for deeper study of theoretical part of this phenomenon and the construction of theory on the influence of magnetic fields on physical and mechanical properties of paramagnetic metals.

During the study, it is found out that the effect of the magnetic field influence is not unambiguous: the creep rate both increases reaching the maximum value at 0.1 T, and slows down reaching the minimum value at 0.5 T. We can note that during the experiments, it became possible to plasticize the material under investigation by influencing it with the magnet-ic field. The distributions of the grain structure of samples destroyed under the creep conditions with and without the mag-netic field superposition are unimodal and can be described by a lognormal law.

The scientists’ attention is constantly drawn to the field approach to the language study. However, the issues of structuring units of one of the central onomastic categories (zoonyms) within the field concept in the Russian linguistics are not thoroughly considered. In this paper, zoonyms are studied as a productive onomastic category. As a basis for the research, field theory was chosen. The paper gives a brief overview of research on the field issue in linguistics, analyzes the terminology of the field concept, specifies the features of the onomastic field structure, and shapes the field of zoonyms which nominates a pig in Russian discourse. The basis of the study is onomastic units of a real zoomicon in the field of animal husbandry; zoonyms, which name characters of literary works and television projects; zoonyms, which acquired a secondary nomination in the texts of Russian, discourse (journalistic, pedagogical, advertising, artistic, and anecdotal). All onomastic units denoting pigs and piglets in the texts of Russian discourse are structured according to the field principle: nuclear, central and peripheral elements are distinguished. The scientific significance of the work is the construction of the onomastic zoonyms field with a “pig” archiseme as an ordered set of proper names with a designation of system-structural relations and connections. Conditions are considered under which a process of transition of zoonyms from one zone of a field to another is possible. The obtained research results indicate that the chosen scientific paradigm is optimal for the study of onomastic vocabulary.

The paper considers the specifics of adequate translation of the metaphors used in the work “The Gulag Archipelago” by A.I. Solzhenitsyn. In the given case, an object of the analysis is the work of literature “The Gulag Archipelago” by A.I. Solzhenitsyn as well as its English and German translation made by Thomas P. Whitney (1974) and Anna Peturnig (1974) consequently. The subject of the research is the metaphors used by the author to produce the image of the Soviet reality of that time in comparison to its translations both into English and German languages. The paper analyzes the relevance of the applied techniques of metaphors’ translation on the subject of retaining expressive and emotional connotations.

The paper emphasizes the significance of accurate interpretation of the implicit meaning of a metaphor to achieve the adequate translation to the most extent. The authors pay attention as well to adequate translation of implicit metaphor meaning due to the opportunity of using some different much more expressive metaphorical models enabling to make dialogue with the targeted readers much more open and efficient. The analysis of the adequacy of the translations of the selected metaphors allows identifying the common and distinctive characteristics of the world images of the addresser and the addressee who are the representatives of the American and German linguocultures. These are the distinctive characteristics that cause hardly surmountable obstacles for a translator while translating metaphorical items. The analysis of practical data showed that in most cases a loan translation of metaphors results in the emotional and expressive losses which affect their objective comprehension as the connotations are the key factor helping to complete the image of the depicted item or phenomenon in the recipient’s mind.

The relevance of the study is caused by the necessity to solve environmental issues basing on the participation of the population in various types of ecological activity. The concept of ecological activity is understudied in the modern science. Probably, it is caused by the fact that the ecological activity is closely related to various types of social activity of people. The paper emphasizes the theoretical approaches to the study of ecological activity, analyzes the peculiarities of philosophical, social-ecological, and sociological approaches.

It is determined that in the restrict sense the ecological activity is considered as an effective utilization of natural resources. Generally, the ecological activity is understood as a tool of harmonization between nature, engineering systems and the society. The author concludes that the background of ecological activity is the ecological culture values, which focus the activity on the protection of natural environment.

The paper emphasizes the necessity to analyze social aspects of the ecological activity. They are implemented in the creation of safe, comfortable living environment based on the effective ecological control. The author proves the conclusion that the ecological activity is an important factor in the sustainable development of civilization.

The theoretical theses served as the methodological basis for the empirical study. The object of the study is the population of Samara region. The paper identified the specific character of participation in the ecological activity of different groups of the population. In the result of the cluster analysis, the differences between three social groups according to the specificity of attitude to the ecological norms and values are determined. The author concludes that the activeness of participation in the types of ecological activity demonstrates the level of the ecological culture.

The results of the questioning indicate that the most differences can be traced in the attitude of the participants of questioning to the implementation of ecological norms, to the activities on the environmental amenities. The results of the questioning demonstrate the contradictions between the activeness of participation in the ecological activity and t he environmental awareness. The conclusion is made that the gaps in the formation of the ecological culture are manifested in the level and orientation of the ecological activity of the population.