No 2 (2017)

The paper considers the issues of optimization of technological schemes of producing liquid carbon dioxide transferred to the carbamide synthesis plant.

The main disadvantage of traditional technology solutions is the high energy costs, caused mainly by the necessity to compress CO₂ before its transfer to the synthesis reactor.

To implement the optimization of the technological stage of producing high-pressure carbon dioxide by means of combined use of compression and pumping equipment, the authors used the multifactor methods of chemical and technological processes modeling and software. With regard to urea aggregates of various capacity, the authors considered several manufacturing schemes.

The conducted technological calculations proved the appropriateness of equipment configuration.

The essence of the proposed for implementing technical solution is the simultaneous application of a compressor-pumping carbon dioxide unit where the process of producing liquid CO₂ under the reduced pressure is effectively combined with the supply of compressed gas of the required pressure (15 MPa) into the carbamide synthesis unit using the low-temperature pump. As opposed to the traditional technology, the proposed technical solution allows compressing gaseous CO₂ from 0.1 MPa to a relatively low pressure of 3.0 MPa, and then cooling by means of gasification cold of liquid carbon dioxide compressed to 15 MPa. For condensation, the authors proposed to use the absorbing water-ammonia refrigerating machine.

The paper presents the variant of turbo-compressor unit modernization, by means of which it is possible to achieve the significant increase of the yield of the urea units’ final product in order to reduce CO₂ emissions to the atmosphere. The proposed compressor-pumping unit differs from the others not only by the optimal construction of its technological scheme but also by its using to reduce the specific energy consumption of internal sources of cold and heat in the form of a flow of cold carbon dioxide compressed to the pressure of 15 MPa, and the high-temperature part of gaseous CO₂ compressed in the centrifugal compressor as well.

Currently, the most significant reserve for improvement of grinding technological efficiency involves the application of the composite grinding wheels (CGW). However, the CGW is more complicated body comparing with the intermittent (IGW) and standard (SGW) grinding wheels due to the presence of lubricating elements (LE) filled with the solid lubricating material (SLM) with a density different from the density of the material of the wheel abrasive part. The problems and issues of IGW and SGW application when grinding are thoroughly studied, however, the CGW design features make it more difficult or impossible to apply the techniques and mathematical models developed for the SGW and the IGW to describe grinding process. In this regard, it is necessary to pay special attention to the problem of mathematical modeling of thermal physics of the grinding process using the CGW. The paper suggests the mathematical model of thermal stress of flat pendulum grinding by the periphery of CGW with the structural elements in the form of radial slits filled with the solid lubricant. This model allows estimating the temperature field on the surface and inside the workpiece throughout the full working three-stage cycle of flat pendulum grinding including the forward motion of grinding wheel to touch with the workpiece and grinding with inward movement and sparkling-out. The developed mathematical model is based on the calculation of the P_z tangential component of grinding force of each travel of grinding and sparkling-out. This will allow determining the density of heat flow emitted in the contact zone, and the average contact temperature of each travel of GW. The combination of the results of calculation of average contact temperature of all travels of grinding and sparkling-out will allow assessing the temperature field of the full cycle of grinding and predicting the occurrence of grinding defects.

Due to the new technology complication and the severization of the requirements to its reliability, the labor intensity of checking operations within the industrial systems of the products quality control increases considerably. The significance of control within the quality management is caused by the fact that it is the control, which promotes the adequate use of the conditions for producing the goods meeting the applicable requirements. The image digital processing has a wide application practically in all areas of industry. Commonly, its application allows getting to the new technology level of production. In these conditions, the issues associated with the autoextract from the image and the interpretation of the information being the basis for the decision making in the process of manufacturing control are the most complicated. The authors suggest the algorithm for the optical method of control of wear of the cylindrical smoother working surface applied for the final polishing of workpieces using surface plastic deformation (SPD). The paper compares the developed software implemented on the basis of the suggested algorithm with its previous version. The main distinguishing feature of the suggested algorithm is the possibility of automatic recognition of the burnishing tool image with its further edge detection, working surface estimation and the automatic detection of the defects and wear area. Various defects and the smoother surface wear in the process of mechanical treatment are detected automatically using the methods of detection of the edges on the images, in particular, using the Prewitt operator. The authors developed the software implementing the algorithm under consideration in the Matlab media, but it can be developed using other programming languages.  

Using the PAM-STAMP 2G software package, the authors carried out the computer simulation of the process of stretch-wrap forming of sheets with the varied mechanical anisotropy. To study the influence of mechanical anisotropy on polythickness, the authors used the central composite design that includes complete and fractional factorial experiments and a number of replicate experiments and depends on the number of factors. As the variable factors of the model, the following mechanical properties of the material were used: yield strength, flow limit, uniform elongation, and the Poisson’s rate.

After simulation of all variants of stretch-wrap forming, the regression analysis of the results was implemented and the mathematical model of polythickness dependence on the mechanical anisotropy was formulated. It is determined that to minimize the polythickness, it is necessary to position sheet workpiece in relation to the bed of press in such a way that the direction of stretch-wrap forming would be the same as the direction of maximum anisotropy index, and the transverse direction of the stretch-wrap forming would be the same as the minimum anisotropy index.

Using the known methods of searching the function global minimum, the authors determined the optimal mechanical anisotropy, which provides the minimum polythickness (19,62 µm) for the considering scheme of stretch-wrap forming of sheets made of 1441 aluminium-lithium alloy: yield strength – 430 MPa, flow limit – 280 MPa, uniform elongation – 14 %, the ratios of transverse deformation at the angle of 0° and 45° to the rolling direction – 0,65, at the angle of 45° – 0,35. The rolling direction is the same as the direction of stretch forming.

It is recommended to the enterprises to provide the input control not only according to the mechanical properties but according to the transverse deformation ratios as well because they influence greatly the obtaining of the required shape of the product.

The paper presents the calculation of optimal pipeline diameters based on the solving the constrained optimization task using the derivates. The hydraulic network consisting of several interconnected pipeline sections is designed to supply optimally the fluid or gas to various customers. In the general case, the optimization should be performed according to several criteria. For example, when transporting dangerous media through the pipeline, it is necessary to consider not only the hydraulic network cost but the dangerous factor as well.

Multi-criteria optimization can be reduced to the solution of the issue of constrained minimization of some criterion, which depends on the diameter of the pipeline sections. The authors consider the pipeline total volume to be such criterion. But the direct optimization by the segments diameters of a pipeline with the complex topology in the form of a closed hydraulic network requires the multiple iterative hydraulic calculations. The application of specialized programs and algorithms designed to get final output parameters slightly allows carrying out the optimization using the above zero order techniques. However, it seems preferable to use the deterministic methods of the first order to obtain more accurate results for solving the optimization task according to several criteria.

In this paper, for optimization, the authors used the concept of conditional minimization of a criterion, which is calculated by the decomposition method. The pipeline system is divided into separate sections, the hydraulic calculation of which is not hard to carry out. The delivery head in the nodes and the sections diameters are the independent variables and the material balance equations in the nodes are the constraining conditions. At the known values of pressure and diameters, it is easy to calculate the flow rates in the sections. The simplified hydraulic calculation allows to solving the optimization issue by using the derivatives. The multidimensional constrained optimization issue can be solved using the developed deterministic method when the convection-diffusion transfer of particles is simulated using the differential equations. The results of numerical experiments prove the applicability of the proposed approach.

The paper covers the study of little-known works of V.P. Meshchersky, an author of the XIX century. It is noted that the author himself is understudied for today. The paper enumerates modern scientists whose works are focused on the study of this particular author. The author suggests that the works of V.P. Meshchersky can serve as the model of use of the Aesopian language and various allegories. The current situation in literature and journalism shows that the authors of today have to consider this particular direction in their works. The paper says that the model of text construction of V.P. Meshchersky using various stylistic devices and expressive linguistic means can be useful to contemporary authors. 

The paper considers several publicistic and belletristic works of V.P. Meshchersky and investigates the ways of text construction by the author. As the examples to consider, the novels “Secrets of modern Petersburg”, “Women of St. Petersburg haut monde”, “One of our Bismarcks”, the story “Petya Skuratov”, and the publicistic works “The truth about Serbia” and “My memories” were selected. The author specifies the linguistic devices, which help V.P. Meshchersky to create his works, and lists the expressive means used in his texts. For example, it is determined that V.P. Meshchersky uses various appeals to the reader in order to create a dialogue. The author’s works contain many epithets, comparisons and metaphoric expressions that help to create figurativeness in works, photographic descriptions of nature and characters.

The focus of the paper is on the discourse as a notion of linguistics. The paper defines the notions of text and discourse, identifies their characteristics and attempts to differentiate them. The focus of the paper is also on the problem of interpreting “translation unit”, “translation outcome” and “translation quality” as the basic notions of the translation studies provided there is a shift from text to discourse. There is a review of Russian and non-Russian publications on the problem. It clarifies the features of discourse that require its performing in a certain context and community and consider it as a dynamic element. The paper provides different definitions of translation unit and translation outcome and by analyzing the clarified features suggests connecting the notions with discourse. The main focus is on the translation quality that is connected with translation norms and the norm of the target language in particular. The paper attempts to broaden the notion of norm, since language and discourse are developing elements. It suggests analyzing the translation from the point of the norm and the language anomaly as well. The language anomaly is not defined as a mistake but as an intended violation of the literary norm to increase the influence on the recipient, for the language anomaly also has a non-linguistic purpose. The paper provides examples of the language anomaly in English and estimates the quality of its translation into Russian in order to conclude on the need for identifying and reproducing the language anomaly in a target text.

The paper considers the previously unexplored aspects of the poetic language of K.F. Ryleev: phraseological units used by him, their quantitative-qualitative characteristics (in comparison with other writers), literary functions that eventually cause the relevance of this topic. The research method is based on the material of alphabetic-frequency dictionaries of the language of Russian poets (A.I. Polezhaev, A.A. Delvig, N.P. Ogarev, N.M. Yazykov, P.A. Vyazemsky, D.V. Davydov, E.A. Baratynsky, N.M. Karamzin, D.V. Venevitinov, K.F. Ryleev) published by the authors. In particular, it is established that K.F. Ryleev’s poetry contains no less than sixty-six phraseological units applied about hundred times; in this respect, his poetic language looks statistically “ordinary”, not distinguishing on the “phraseological” scale between his contemporaries. Among the phraseological units identified in the poet’s works, there are structure variants, author’s variations and transformations of established collocations. In terms of etymology, Russian-specific set phrases prevail among them; biblical expressions and Slavisms are present in a lesser degree; original west-European phraseological units do not practically appear. In terms of stylistics, the majority of phraseological units used by the poet are popular-colloquial; he uses bookish-high set phrases in a lesser degree. Generally, the phraseological units used by K.F. Ryleev did not get old by now. The aesthetic functions of phraseological units in his poetry are rather traditional: the amplification of artistic expression, the expression of evaluation by a lyrical character, a narrator, the character’s speech characteristics, and single-punning wordplay.

The paper studies theoretical aspects of corporate social responsibility of modern business. The author believes that some entrepreneurs in their daily work activities are characterized more as “socially irresponsible”. The paper examines sociological theories containing approaches to social responsibility of those researchers who consider success, especially financial one, to be the justification for the deviation, and assume that an increase in the degree of irresponsibility of a capitalist depends on the estimated income, who explain the degree of responsibility of the Protestant entrepreneurs by their religion and behaviour ethics. The author shows the differences in understanding of the social responsibility by entrepreneurs depending on the religion, European and American models of social responsibility. The paper reveals the prerequisites for the emergence of the socially responsible behavior of Western entrepreneurs, examines the emergence of corporate social responsibility in our country through the socially significant behavior of merchants in pre-revolutionary Russia. The features of modern formation of the socially responsible entrepreneurship are described, as well as the attitude of the modern entrepreneurial community and non-entrepreneurial population to the activity consistent with the principles of corporate social responsibility. One of the indicators of corporate social responsibility of an enterprise is the preparation and publication of a social non-financial report in accordance with international and Russian standards. The author gives examples of modern socially responsible national and foreign companies operating in the Russian market and publishing such reports. The paper analyzes the contents of social reports, examples of socially responsible activities in relation to employees and the local community. The necessity of increasing the number of Russian socially responsible companies, especially in small and medium-sized business, is emphasized.

The paper analyses the utterances which are the part of such a communicative event as the performance. These utterances are structured according to the slogan type. Such statements include slogans, mottos, appeals, demands, which can be combined in the general group of “the discourse performance formulae”. The definition of the concept of the discourse performance formulae is given in the paper.

From the point of view of structural and semantic aspect, the discourse performance formulae (DPF) represent the constructions of a special type. As a result of the analysis, it has been found that the most frequent constructions are those whose semantic core is the meaning of the imperative. By their structure, the DPF are quite diverse and heterogeneous. The idea of inducement in a sentence can be expressed both through morphological and other language means.

The paper focuses on the utterances that have no special morphological indexes of the inducement. The main objective is to identify the typical ways of expressing the meaning of motivation peculiar to the discourse performance formulae formed without a verb.

The analysis reveals the most frequent type of structural schemes of the sentences, upon which the discourse performance formulae are organized; identifies the peculiarities of the inducement expression in the discourse performance formulae; distinguishes the discourse performance formulae which have no special syntactical sample and refer to the so-called “syntactical phraseological units”; and examines such discourse performance formulae in which connections and relations of the components are inexplicable from the point of the grammar rules but which are widespread in the communicative performance due to their effectiveness and operation as the constructions “in action”.

The relevance of the issue selected for the study is associated directly with the necessity to solve the environmental problems of the modern civilization. The efficiency of this activity depends broadly on the ecological culture formation. Special attention is paid to the young people. The value system and behavioral attitudes of this social community determine considerably the possibilities for the ecological crisis overcoming. The paper specifies the theoretical approaches to the study of the ecological culture, analyzes three versions of anthropocentric approach to the study of the ecological culture. When analyzing, the author identifies that the interpretation of the ecological culture as the nature protection is incorrect. The paper stresses the necessity to form the responsible attitude of the society and individuals to nature. Within this approach, the content of the ecological culture is combined with the value system.

In the paper, the author proves the methodological principles of the social research to study the ecological culture of the young people. The object of the study is the students-ecologists, engineering students, and the students-humanists. The author determines the specificity of the students’ visions of the ecological culture depending on the areas of study. In the result of the analysis, the author found out the differences between the attitudes of the students to the solution of the environmental problems, the purpose of the environmental awareness, and the essence of the ecological culture. It is determined that the value system aimed at the social control and sustainable development of the society often acts as the basis of the ecological culture of the students-ecologists. It is displayed that the students of other professional fields see in the ecological culture the instrument to protect the health of current and future generations. The author makes a conclusion that the change from the anthropocentric model to the ecocentric model of the ecological culture takes place in the young people’s consciousness. It means that the concept of nature as the complex system requiring the responsible attitude is being formed in the consciousness of young people.