No 4 (2017)

It is known that the catalytic activity of the same substance can vary significantly depending on the structure of its surface. It should be noted that many catalytic reactions occur at elevated temperatures. Therefore, the catalysts having “soft” metals (Cu, Zn, Au, Ag, Mg, etc.) as their active components with the specific internal structure and surface morphology have strong temperature limitation for use. The copper-based catalysts are widely used in the synthesis of various chemicals, in particular in the synthesis of aniline. In this paper, the authors give the comparative analysis of the temperature fields impact on the copper powders with the particles of roughly the same sizes, but with different internal structure and surface morphology. The electrolytic copper powders of four types were compared. The first type was represented by the crystals with the FCC-lattice; the particles of second and third types had the form of icosahedra (but of different surface morphology), six symmetry axes of the fifth order and were faceted by the crystal planes of {111} type. The fourth powder was represented by the large formations consisting of copper crystals of spherical shape. It is shown that particles with different initial internal structure and surface morphology suffer similar changes in the process of annealing in the air: agglomerating, whiskers growth in the oxidation process, the formation of cavities inside and the pores on the surface. However, for the icosahedral copper particles, the increased discharge of stored energy is observed when heated in the differential scanning calorimeter (DSC), which activates and accelerates the course of structural-phase transformations within the particles.

The authors proposed a model for the description of the functional and mechanical behavior of a sample of the porous shape memory alloy, the structural elements of which were approximated by flat slotted springs. These springs, in their turn, consist of beams. During the deformation process, beams oriented perpendicular to the loading direction contribute significantly to the sample macroscopic strain.

The authors investigated the influence of beam supporting conditions on the modeling results. Two types of boundary conditions are considered – hinge support and rigid fixing. Within the methods of the strength of materials for the specified types of supports, the authors solved the static problems; found the stresses in the most strained area and beam deflections. To calculate the anelastic deformation arising from the martensitic transformation in the shape memory alloys, the microstructural model allowing describing the functional properties of these materials was used. Basing on the analysis of microphotography of porous TiNi alloy, the geometrical parameters of beams were chosen. The authors carried out the simulation of the behavior of the porous shape memory alloy sample during the isothermal compression at various temperatures when the shape memory alloy is in austenitic and martensitic states. The deformation of a sample during the cooling and heating under the constant stress was calculated, in this case, the transformation plasticity and shape memory effects occur. It is shown, that the selection of boundary conditions has the important significance when modeling porous shape memory alloy behavior. The application of fixed-ended structural elements leads to the lower stresses in the modeled object and allows obtaining better correspondence between the calculation results and experimental data.

The authors studied the solidphase joining of the PT3V (Ti-4.2Al-1.6V) titanium alloy and 12H18N10T stainless steel through the nanostructured interlayer of Ni-2 % Cr alloy. In the process of joining at the temperatures of 650, 700, 750 and 800 °C, the Ti₂Ni, TiNi and TiNi₃ intermetallic layers are formed in the contact zone. It is known, that during pressure welding of the titanium alloy and nickel, the solid layers of these intermetallides are formed at the bond interface. The destruction occurs just along these layers. The most probable cause of destruction is a jump of the coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) during the austenitic-martensitic transformation with the TiNi layer formation, which results in the cracks in the adjacent brittle Ti₂Ni and TiNi₃ layers at the stage of cooling from the welding temperature. The alloying of TiNi with chromium within 1–2 % leads to the significant decrease in the temperature range of austenitic-martensitic transformation.

At the TiNi₃/Ni-2 % Cr interface, a thin TiCr₂ layer is formed, which prevents the diffusion of chromium and nickel into the Ti₂Ni, TiNi, and TiNi₃ intermetallic layers. This leads to the formation of thinner layers of intermetallides at the PT3V/Ni-2 % Cr contact zone. The application of Ni-2 % Cr alloy led to the alloying of TiNi intermetallic chromium in the amount of 0.2–0.6 at % that lowered the temperature of austenitic-martensitic transformation below the room temperature and changed the appearance and location of cracks in the weld seam. When applying the Ni-2 % Cr alloy interlayer the greatest tensile strength of 390±20 MPa is achieved after welding at T=700 °C during 20 min. The increase of holding time at the temperature of 700 °C or the increase of temperature lead to the strength reduction.

The authors identified the influence of heat treatment parameters on the structure and properties of the advanced 70H3G2FTR die steel for hot deformation. The optimal heat hardening mode for the hot working hammer die produced from the suggested steel is recommended, which contains spheroidizing annealing at the temperature of 780 °C with the slow furnace cooling up to 550 °С and the following still air cooling up to the normal temperature; hardening at 1000 °С with oil cooling; high-temperature tempering at 550–600 °С with the still air cooling. During the hardening process, the structure of lath martensite with the high density of dislocations and the hardness HRC 57–62 is formed, however, 0.5–0.6 % of carbide phase remains insoluble.    

It is shown that at the stage of high-temperature tempering at 550–600 °С, the process of hardness stabilizing by special complex carbide and intermetallic compounds inclusions can be observed in 70H3G2FTR steel. The analysis of carbide phase at the tempering shows that the compounds of Ме₇С₃ and Ме₃С types are the carbides, which composition changes in the process of thermal influence. So, for example, part of Fe and Cr atoms are replaced with Ti and V atoms in various ratios.    

The authors simulated the temperature-stress condition of hammer die during thermal treatment. It is shown, that the suggested mode of thermal treatment of 70H3G2FTR steel leads to the production of the dispersed ferrite-cementite structure with the distributed special carbides, high level of mechanical properties, and provides the uniform distribution of temperature fields along the volume of hot deformation stamp and, as a consequence, the insignificant internal residual stresses. At the stage of high-temperature soak, the temperature gradient is minimized and does not exceed 25–30 °С.

The searching for the effective methods of hardening (when retaining the high surface quality) of austenitic chromium-nickel steels, which are thermally nonhardenable and liable to adhesion structural materials, is relevant. In this paper, using the methods of electronic scanning microscopy, optical profilometry and microdurometry, the authors studied the influence of combined treatment including the nanostructuring frictional treatment by applying the sliding synthetic diamond indenter in conjunction with the nitrogen hardening in the electron beam plasma at the temperatures between 300 and 500 °С, on the hardening, quality and roughness of AISI 321 metastable austenitic steel surface. To compare, the plasma nitrogen hardening of undeformed coarse-crystalline steel was studied. The preliminary steel surface nanostructuring by frictional treatment and further nitrogen hardening at the temperature of ТN=350 °С increase significantly the depth of hardened layer. This temperature is the minimum temperature of effective nitrogen hardening both of the deformation-nanostructured and the coarse-crystalline steel. The preliminary deformation treatment hinders the strong growth of roughness and prevents the surface quality deterioration during nitrogen hardening due to the inhibition of nitride phases precipitation on the grains and subgrains boundaries that lead to the “swelling” of the undeformed steel surface. However, the nitrogen hardening at the temperature of ТN=500 °С causes the intense blistering and pore formation on the steel surface previously processed by friction treatment. It is associated with the emergence of the increased amount of ε-phase and gaseous nitrogen in the diffusion active nanostructured surface layer after the nitrogen hardening. The reduction of nitriding temperature from 500 to 350 °C promotes the elimination of blistering and pore formation, and, as a result, the reduction of roughness (up to Ra=0.1 μm) and the quality improvement of nitride steel surface prehardened by friction treatment.

The review presents the scientific-technical results of the development and improvement of the halobutyl rubbers production technology implemented on a commercial scale. The author considered the variants of the production scheme and the manufacturing methods for increasing the efficiency of its certain stages. Special attention is paid to the equipment design of the stages of butyl rubber dissolution, the interaction of the resulting solution with the halogenating agent and the aqueous treatment of the reaction mixture. The paper shows the possibilities of increasing the efficiency of the process due to the application of the continuous process of butyl rubber dissolution in the hydrocarbon solvent, the creation of a turbulent mode during the rubber solution flow, and the separation of the evolved halogen hydrides from the resulting halogenated elastomer. The author discusses the results of the application of various agents for neutralizing the excess halogen and halogen hydride, the necessity to keep the medium acid value within the certain limits at this stage. The results of improving the stages of halobutyl rubbers stabilization, separation and drying are briefly described. The author mentioned the disadvantages peculiar for the traditional butyl rubber halogenation technology, including the use of a special butyl rubber brand with the high values of Mooney viscosity and unsaturation in the production of chlorobutyl rubber, the necessity of bromine recuperation from water streams of the stages of excess halogen neutralization and the washing of bromobutyl rubber solution.

The paper considers the possibilities to improve current technology of large-scale production of halobutyl rubbers, to increase the economic efficiency and to mitigate the environmental risks when implementing it on a commercial scale. The list of references includes patents of the world’s leading companies – halobutyl rubbers manufacturers and the publications on the results of the research carried out by the well-known specialists in this field.

Rotational friction welding is one of the promising technologies for the creation of high-quality welded joints, which is widely used in the pipe industry when producing wide nomenclature drill pipes of medium-carbon alloy steels. Despite the long-term application of this method by the Russian enterprises manufacturing this type of products, there are few published data in the scientific literature aimed at the detailed study of structural and mechanical heterogeneity of such compounds, including after various modes of their heat treatment.

The authors evaluated the structural and mechanical heterogeneity of welded joints of 30HGSA-40HN2MA steels tested to produce geological exploration drill pipes in the initial state and after the application of various temperature-time modes of induction annealing. The paper presents the results of hardness measurement in different areas of welded joint and the results of rupture test and impact-viscosity test.

During the study, the authors determined the peculiarities of phase transformations occurring in welded materials depending on the temperature and time factors that affected the degree of mechanical heterogeneity of the annealing zone and the level of mechanical properties, including the nature of impact fracture. It is shown, that, during the rupture tests, the mechanical properties of welded joints of 30HGSA-40HN2MA steels generally depend on the properties of thermomechanical impact zone of 30HGSA steel as the weakest area where the deformation is localized and the rupture occurs. The authors determined the formation of hardening structures during the induction annealing from the 40HN2MA steel side influencing the tendency for brittle fracture of the welded joint area. Optimal modes of heat treatment of this welded joint combination from the position of full-strength and reliability of the structure are recommended.

To substantiate the selection of a coatings material conforming to the operating conditions of the products and the subsequent electron-beam processing conditions, the authors studied the microhardness, Young’s modulus and the microstructure of modified surface layer deposited on the martensitic low-carbon Hardox 450 steel with the high-carbon powder wires of various chemical composition (No. 258 (NbC-G), No. 720 (DT-DUR), No. 760 (DT-DUR)) and further modified by the irradiation with the intense pulsed electron beam using the two-step method. The formation of fused layer on steel surface was carried out in the shielding gas environment containing 98 % Ar, 2 % CO₂, with the welding current of 250–300 A and the arc voltage of 30–35 V. The modifying of a fusion layer was carried out by irradiating the fusion layer surface with a high-intensity electron beam in the mode of melting and high-speed crystallization. The load on the indenter was 50 mN. The Young’s modulus microhardness was determined in 30 arbitrarily selected points of the modified surfacing surface. The structure of modified by electron beam surfacing surface was studied with the scanning electron microscopy methods. It is determined that the increase in strength properties of the modified by the electron beam weld layer is caused by the formation of a sub-microsized structure, the hardening of which is caused by the quenching effect and the presence of the second phase inclusions (borides, carboborides, carbides). It was found that the maximum hardening effect is observed when surfacing with a flux-cored wire containing 4.5 % of boron. The study shows that the microcracks systems are formed on the surfacing surface formed by a wire, the elemental composition of which includes 4.5 % of boron, and additionally irradiated with the intense pulsed electron beam. While the surface surfacing formed by the powdered wires free of boron after the pulsed electron beam treatment demonstrated the absence of microcracks on the modified surface. The authors determined the significant spread in nanohardness and Young’s modulus values that was apparently conditioned by the nonuniform distribution of strengthening phases.

The NiCrBSi coatings are widely used in various industries, both when retailoring the worn parts, and when improving the surface quality of new products exposed to the high contact stresses, temperatures and corrosive environments under the operating conditions. It is possible to use the frictional treatment of such coatings as a finishing operation. It allows providing the additional increase in strength and tribological properties, the formation of favorable compressive stresses, and the low surface roughness as well. In this paper, to evaluate the mechanical characteristics of the PG-CP2 coating (0.48 % C; 14.8 % Cr; 2.6 % Fe; 2.9 % Si; 2.1 % B; the rest is Ni) with the frictionally treated surface layer, the authors used the microindentation allowing the recording of the indenter loading and unloading diagrams, and the measuring of microhardness at different loads (0.098–9.81 N) ensuring various depths of indenter penetration. The comparison of data of the PG-CP2 coating surface microhardness and microindentation in various states showed that the frictional treatment with the natural diamond indenter in argon, the dispersed boron nitride (DBN) indenter in air, and the hard alloy (BK8) indenter in argon at the load of 350 N promoted the increase in the micromechanical characteristics in comparison with the electropolished state. The most effective hardening of the NiCrBSi coating surface layer is achieved when treated with the dispersed boron nitride indenter in the air at the load of 350 N. The mechanical on-machine grinding provides the significantly lower levels of micromechanical characteristics than the frictional treatment under this mode. The microindentation results can be correlated with the development of various wear mechanisms during the abrasive action and sliding friction. 

The corrosion-resistant austenitic stainless steels have a prospect of practical use when producing the containers for hydrogen storage and transportation. Despite the high corrosive characteristics, the chromium-nickel steels have the propensity to hydrogen embrittlement. In particular, this effect is peculiar for steels with low stacking-fault energy, which have the tendency to strain-induced phase transformations. But hydrogen embrittlement is observed in stable steels as well. To determine the influence of hydrogen charging on mechanical properties and fracture mode of commercial stable austenitic Cr17Ni13Mo3 steel, the uniaxial static tensile tests have been conducted at room temperature using the hydrogen-charged (electrochemically saturated in the sulfuric acid aqua solution) specimens. The microstructure of the side surfaces and the fracture character were studied by scanning electron microscopy. The results of the mechanical tests, the microrelief of the side surfaces and fracture surfaces of hydrogen-charged specimens were compared with the results of the same tests for hydrogen-free specimens. Hydrogen-charging does not affect significantly the mechanical properties of steel under the study as well as the pattern of plastic flow. The values of yield offset, tensile strength at break, the elongation and the strain-hardening coefficient remain unchanged after the hydrogen charging. The retention of plastic properties under the hydrogen charging is caused by the presence of two competing processes. On the one hand, a hydrogen-saturated layer is developed on the side-surfaces of specimens after the electrochemical treatment, which leads to the brittle cracks formation on the surface (leads to the embrittlement). On the other hand, the hydrogen charging promotes the micro-localization of shear in one system, contributes to an increase in the planarity of the dislocation structure, and, as a consequence, raises the plasticity in the central part of the samples where the concentration of hydrogen is lower than on the side surfaces, and the hydrogen transfer is carried out by the crystal structure defects during the process of tension (leads to the plasticization).

“Museum der modernen Poesie”, published in 1960 and republished in 1979 and 2002 by the modern renowned German poet Hans Magnus Enzensberger, includes translations of five great poets of Russian Avant-garde period and modernism: Velimir Khlebnikov, Boris Pasternak, Osip Mandelstam, Vladimir Mayakovski and Sergey Esenin, who have said a new word in the poetry, have developed progressive ideas and mirrored the creative sense of the epoch. It was necessary for H.M. Enzensberger to choose for his “Museum” poets and poems that have played an important role in the development of the world-poetry of the 20th century. This paper implies to show on the ground of influence between German and Russian cultures that only the joint creation of both – author and translator – can help to create the translation equivalent to epoch and to author’s stile. The poems of the Russian poets in the anthology of H.M. Enzensberger are translated by Alexander Koval, Karl Dedecius, Alfred-Edgar Toß, Christel Pesch, Paul Celan. All of them have some losses and virtues in their versions. Nevertheless, they have created their own variation of original as “dialect of world-wide poetical language” (H.M. Enzensberger). On the background of the translations of Coval, Toß and Pesch stand out the translations of Paul Celan, a great German poet, who has created the congenial translations of the works of S. Esenin and O. Mandelstam. They discover creative, high poetical, innovative approach to the metre like the original. Furthermore P. Celan used in his translations innovatory methods, which were specific for his own works and for the Avant-garde poetry of the 20th century: anagrammatical structures, over-naming, inversion, inclusion, subdivision, displacement, atonality, an ascent to “word-seeds” (V. Khlebnikov), paronyms, palindromes, “deautomation” (Yu. Tynyanov), “sense-words” (S. Biryukov).

The paper researches the concepts of such representatives of the “new religious consciousness” movement as D. Merezhkovsky, Z. Gippius, and D. Filosofov as part of the history of Russian sociology. The “new religious consciousness” is recognized as the religious and philosophical movement in Russia at the beginning of the 20th century, whose adherents advocated the need for renewal of Christianity and spiritual revival of an individual and the society. Contemporary researchers, who recognize the need to study the sociological component of the ideological heritage of religious philosophers of the late XIX – early XX century, turn to the works of such thinkers as V. Soloviev, P. Struve, N. Berdyaev, S. Bulgakov, S. Frank, and E. Trubetskoy. Theories of other representatives of the “new religious consciousness” are not taken into account by the Russian sociologists.

The aim of the work is to analyze the concept of D. Merezhkovsky, Z. Gippius, and D. Filosofov – the representatives of the radical wing of the “new religious consciousness” movement – from the perspective of their contribution to the development of sociological thought. The author suggests that, due to certain features of this concept, it can be viewed as a social project. The social project is characterized by the presence of a certain image of an ideal social order and also provides for the creation of the socio-cultural conditions necessary to achieve this ideal. It is found that the social ideal within the framework of this concept included religious and socio-political content. Characteristic features of Merezhkovsky’s, Gippius’s and Filosofov’s theory are analyzed. The author comes to the conclusion that the “new religious consciousness” as a social project differs in its orientation towards a practical change in social relations. The results of the research show that the religious and philosophical projects of the early 20th century rank high in the history of Russian sociology.

The article focuses on such language phenomenon as holophrasis. Election discourse may be considered as one of the most productive types of discourse for implementing different kinds of manipulation. Although there are plenty of scientific works related to the language manipulation in the election discourse, holophrasis has never been viewed under this aspect. In spite of the fact, a holophrastic construction comprises several words, they are to be regarded as one. As a result, it accumulates different meanings in its body which results in various interpretations of a holophrastic construction. The article reveals the classification of the main functions of holophrasis in the American election discourse. The context has also been taken into consideration. Due to this, the main objectives of the usage of such constructions have been detected. As it turned out, all holophrastic constructions tend to be multifunctional. There are three main functions of holophrasis which have to do with time saving, enlivening communication to be more emotional and engaging, and eliminating straight speaking to make the utterance sound ambiguous. Some holophrastic constructions were attributed to the means of humour in speech. However, they are quite rare in this type of discourse. The number of holophrastic constructions was calculated in speech of different candidates. The conducted research shows that although holophrasis cannot be found in every election speech or be a characteristic of every speaker in the American election discourse, holophrastic constructions can fulfill the latent intentions of speechmakers.