No 1 (2017)

Currently, oil and gas producing and chemical complexes are the most developing complexes and contain a great quantity of equipment that may cause risk. Risks formation is possible at any stage of life cycle of the process and equipment. Risks nature is currently classified by the sources of origin, consequences impact, and risk frequency nature. The authors attempt to identify risks influencing the environment not taking into account the manifestation at the stage of life cycle.

The preliminary identification of risks that may arise during the process of operating the equipment, allows carrying out the preventive measures to mitigate the risk of their occurrence and the consequences of their implementation. The influence of oil and gas producing industry on the environment has many factors. These are final land allocation, green cover pollution, the atmospheric emissions, and the discharges into water bodies.

The study uses the systems approach to design the methodology of assessment of environmental risks of technical objects. A systems approach allows implementing the sequential actions for risks prevention, preparing risk register, identifying hazards, analyzing risks, applying methods, techniques, and tools for risk mitigation at the objects. The methodology developed on the basis of systems approach can be universal to implement the procedures for risk assessment and prevention, irrespective of risk nature (technology-related, industrial, environmental, infrastructure). The existing risk assessment methods are universal and not adapted to the specific industrial facilities. The study of methods’ applicability in the risk assessment process allows identifying methods for specific goals and objectives and applying them without their further study and implementation at a specific site.

The application of heteropolynuclear complex compounds for leather tanning process is the alternative of traditional chrome tanning agents and allows solving a number of issues of leather factories: to improve the quality of products, expand its product range, ensure the principle of low-waste production using environmentally sound chemical materials, and decrease the airway cancer rate of the employees.

The paper describes the study of complex formation in the “chromic sulfate (III) – aluminum sulfate – titanyl sulfate – water” quadruple system using two methods: Ostromyslenskiy-Zhoba method and the isothermal solubility method.

The author used Ostromyslenskiy-Zhoba method to carry out the spectrophotometric study of solutions containing ions of chrome (III), titanyl and aluminum in the simultaneous presence of cations of two and three metals. Absorption spectra were measured in the area of wavelengths of 300–700 nanometers in an hour after preparing a solution. Studying the dependencies of the light absorption coefficients on the aluminum sulfates molar fraction at various wavelengths, the author determined the feasibility of chrome-titan-aluminum complex compounds formation. However, this method did not give a straight answer on the existence of fixed composition and a certain amount of complex particles in solutions.

Further research using the isothermal solubility method defined the crystallization region of triple heteropolynuclear complex compounds containing chromium (III), titanium and aluminum. To carry out the experiment, the author added the third salt to saturated euthonic and peritonic solutions of initial triplex systems until the formation of new solid phase. The derived solutions were thermostated at the temperature of 25° С. Using Mertslin’s method of sections, the composition of solutions was defined according to the “composition – refraction index” characteristic curves. The refraction index constancy denoted the establishment of equilibrium between solid and fluid phases. 

Isothermal solubility method allowed identifying the estimated bulk compositions of chrome-titan-aluminum complexes calculated using the solubility diagram.  

The relevance of the issue selected for the study is proved by the fact that, when producing optical parts, the treatment using loose abrasive is replaced with the processes based on the application of fixed abrasive. However, the increase in efficiency causes the issues of the surface layer quality assurance. It is caused by the fact that the intensification of the stock removal process is inextricably connected with the heat output increase in the contact area of a tool with a workpiece.

The paper presents the methodology of the study and the obtained observation results of fracturing behavior of lubricating-cooling fluid in the contact area of a tool and a workpiece. The temperatures in the area of treatment of optical materials determine considerably the quality of treated surface. During these processes, the lubricating-cooling fluid plays one of the key roles. It is impossible to develop the exact thermophysical model of the process of treatment without the true recording of lubricating-cooling fluid and its behavior. 

For the direct vision of the lubricating-cooling fluid behavior in the contact area of a tool with the treated surface, the author developed the method based on the strobing freeze application. A pulsed lamp is installed in such a way that the total internal reflection from the prism working surface would take place. In case, some body contacts with this surface, the total internal reflection gets broken and the dark spot with the actual contact geometrics can be observed. Using the device, it is possible to observe the treatment area. Carried out study allows concluding that the lubricating-cooling fluid is constantly present in the treatment area. All areas of the direct contact of a tool and a workpiece are surrounded with it. When using water-based lubricating-cooling fluid, there are no areas free of it at the applied velocity of cutting out of certain contact areas.      

The paper examines the influence of religiosity on various aspects of the family relationship in Russia. The concept of “religious family” is studied from the standpoint of the contemporary psychological body of knowledge. Analysis of existing studies of religiosity in Russian families and its influence on various aspects of social communication in a family are included. One of such aspects of the family relations is relations between parents and children, in particular, the tendency to use physical punishment as a consequence of parents’ religiosity. The correlation between the parents' religiosity and the frequency of physical punishment of the children is defined. The paper also presents the results of the research which reveal the correlation between the religiosity of spouses and their level of satisfaction in the marriage as well as their way of undergoing stressful situations. One of the key issues is the influence of religiosity on the number of divorces, and if the family still maintains its significant status as a source of religious values within the context of different religions. Protestantism is studied as one of the Christian confessions in Russia. On the one hand, Protestantism has got certain influence on Russian society; on the other hand, due to historical and political reasons, Protestantism in Russia is a fairly closed group. The paper presents the results of the research which demonstrate the diverse manifestation of religiosity in the context of Orthodox Church and that of Protestantism. So, the diversities in religious lives influence modern families in Protestant churches. Protestant religious families have got specific features and values. The problem of insufficient knowledge of modern Protestant religious families in Russia is raised.

In this paper, the author studies the political caricature as a creolized text which is characterized by categories typical of a homogeneous verbal text. The analysis is based on a concept of a text grid as a means used to represent a certain text category. From this point of view, the local net consists of verbal and iconic means which create space of the caricature and indicate its locus in quo.

Upon analysis of Walter Hanel’s caricatures, the author defines specific characteristics of local references in the political caricature, distinguishes direct and indirect local references. The direct local references are represented by names of places, names of public organizations and abbreviations of those names. Indirect local references are represented by images of realities which preserve local identity (flag, state emblem, elements of national or organization symbols, recognizable buildings, national dishes).

In the political caricature, a metaphor represented with help of verbal and iconic means can perform a function of an indirect local reference. The paper shows that the metaphor can be used to represent an abstract notion as a visual image of the object world (“European Community” → image of a house; “international relations” → image of a bridge).

The author pays attention to close interconnection between components of the local and temporal nets in the caricature and cases of syncretism when one component of the caricature performs functions of both references and indicates time and locus in quo.

The paper considers the dialectical relations of two categories – genre and discourse, which are not definitely interpreted in the modern linguistic research. The author notes that the concept of genre is widely used in the discursive analysis; however, the genre problematics is still unexplored. The goal of this work is the consideration of interrelation of genre and discourse, the identification of their touch points. The paper analyses three main approaches to the notion of a genre – extralinguistic, structural and formal. The author comes to the conclusion that only the combination of extralinguistic and linguistic parameters will allow defining the notion of the genre more exactly and drawing the line between genre and discourse. The paper highlights the inconsistency of efforts to identify genre and discourse. Basing on M. Foucault’s concept, the author explains that discourse is constituted by the complex system of limitations imposed by the discursive structure, when the genre is defined by the creative potential. The term “discourse” covers certain spheres of discursive practices, the boundaries of which can be defined by the separation of their class features, and the term “genre” is used to define the invariant properties of the discursive practices. The author notes that genre acts as a flexible category of discursive activity, means of discourse ordering. The genre is not only the classification system of discursive practices or some formula of language structures but, first of all, the communicative phenomenon reflecting the process and the result of the discursive activity. 

The present paper studies fundamental sources of mythological beliefs accumulated in the English folk tale discourse. Besides European mythological and Christian traditions, an important part in the making of English demonary is performed by the variable folklore tradition, intra-genre, and inter-genre interaction processes as well as English writers’ works.

The folklore tradition variability serves a means of the identification of a mythological personage and its status in the demonary. It defines the personage’s field of distribution and variation range of its characteristics. It contributes to systematization and structuring of folk ideas of the miraculous in the English folk tale discourse. Work with local records also allows to state the dynamics of some mythological concepts and to determine common features in folk tales with universal mythological beliefs.

Under the influence of intra-genre (European fairy tale traditions) and inter-genre (legends, ballads) interaction processes as well as English writers’ works the system of mythological beliefs underwent certain changes in the English folk tale discourse. Original images and plots were organically interwoven with those of European fairy tales which had become part of the English folk tale fund. For instance, the fairy royal couple acquired individualizing denominations Oberon and Titania, fairies turned into miniature, beautiful and harmless beings, while Robin Good Fellow became a merry prankster having lost his ability to do harm. New personages were adopted; properties and names of traditional folk tale characters were modified according to Greco-Roman or Medieval traditions. Heroes of Christian and folk legends (including the literary adapted ones) turned into folk tale characters, while their names were used as precedent names and chronotopical markers.

Currently, there are a significant number of methods of evaluation of socio-psychological climate of numerous social groups. The majority of them work only in the direct contact with the target population. As a result, the science needs the application of the remote methods of socio-psychological climate assessment, one of which is the content analysis. In most cases, the content analysis is used to evaluate text sources but it is completely not good enough for comprehensive contact-free diagnostics of socio-psychological climate.

The paper considers the examples of the application of the content analysis method to the mass culture products designed to impact primarily on children and teenagers audience. The author highlights the effectiveness of content analysis when identifying social problems both in statics and in dynamics. Animated films “The Lion King” (1994), “Madagascar-2” (2002), “Wreck-It Ralph” (2012), and “Zootopia” (2016) were evaluated. As the units of analysis, the author considers such phenomena typical for large groups of people as the power, means and purposes ratio, discrimination, and social optimism. As the units of account, the author considers the facts of manifestation of specified analysis units in the course of the storyline evolution. The author carried out a brief quantitative analysis of the works under consideration and the actual and content-related assessment of the aforesaid markers identified in the works.

In general, the works analyzed, if considering them as the adequate reflection of the social reality of the origin community, indicate partial destruction of social communion, as it is evidenced by the mass-media reports. The author discovered that the content analysis of the mass culture objects is the effective tool for the assessment of attitudes and socio-psychological climate within the society.