Formation of a bimetallic Ti–Al material by a wire-feed electron-beam additive manufacturing

Cover Page

Cite item

Full Text

Abstract

Currently, there is a request from aerospace and aircraft for the construction materials with sufficiently high mechanical strength, thermal creep, corrosion and oxidation resistance. The conventional alloys used for these purposes are too heavy. At the same time, alternative light materials such as Ti–Al-based alloys have many flaws, when they are produced by conventional methods. This work considers the possibility to produce the Ti–Al-based alloys by the method of a wire-feed electron-beam additive manufacturing (EBAM). We study the chemical and phase compositions, microstructure and microhardness of a bimetallic Ti–Al alloy, obtained by this method. It is found the formation of five characteristic regions between titanium and aluminum parts of the bimetallic billet. The mixing zone consists of TiAl and TiAl3 intermetallics, that is confirmed by the investigation of microstructure, chemical and phase compositions. According to XRD (X-ray diffraction) and EDS (energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy) analyses, it can be assumed that TiAl intermetallic prevails over TiAl3 one. The average microhardness of the mixing zone equals to 450 HV (≈4.4 GPa). This zone has developed dendritic microstructure, and even distribution of the phases without link to dendritic and inter-dendritic zones. The cracks appearing in this area are filled with the material of the upper layers, so the whole material is poreless and defect-free. Thus, the results of this work have shown a fundamental possibility to produce the intermetallic Ti–Al alloys with the use of the EBAM.

About the authors

Andrey V. Luchin

Institute of Strength Physics and Materials Science of Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Tomsk

Author for correspondence.
Email: luchin250398@yandex.ru
ORCID iD: 0000-0003-4020-0755

postgraduate student, research engineer of “Physics of Hierarchical Structures of Metals and Alloys” Laboratory

Russian Federation

Elena G. Astafurova

Institute of Strength Physics and Materials Science of Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Tomsk

Email: lena.g.astafurova@gmail.com
ORCID iD: 0000-0002-1995-4205

Doctor of Sciences (Physics and Mathematics), Associate Professor, chief researcher of “Physics of Hierarchical Structures of Metals and Alloys” Laboratory

Russian Federation

Sergey V. Astafurov

Institute of Strength Physics and Materials Science of Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Tomsk

Email: svastafurov@gmail.com
ORCID iD: 0000-0003-3532-3777

PhD (Physics and Mathematics), senior researcher of “Physics of Hierarchical Structures of Metals and Alloys” Laboratory

Russian Federation

Kseniya A. Reunova

Institute of Strength Physics and Materials Science of Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Tomsk

Email: reunova.ksenya@mail.ru
ORCID iD: 0000-0002-1318-1010

postgraduate student, junior researcher of “Physics of Hierarchical Structures of Metals and Alloys” Laboratory

Russian Federation

Elena A. Zagibalova

Institute of Strength Physics and Materials Science of Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Tomsk

Email: zagibalova-lena99@mail.ru
ORCID iD: 0000-0002-2079-7198

student, engineer of “Physics of Hierarchical Structures of Metals and Alloys” Laboratory

Russian Federation

Eugeny A. Kolubaev

Institute of Strength Physics and Materials Science of Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Tomsk

Email: eak@ispms.ru
ORCID iD: 0000-0001-7288-3656

Doctor of Sciences (Engineering), Professor, Director 

Russian Federation

References

  1. Gialanella S., Malandruccolo A. Chapter 4. Titanium and Titanium Alloys. Aerospace alloys. Switzerland, Springer Publ., 2020, pp. 129–189. doi: 10.1007/978-3-030-24440-8.
  2. Rao K.A. Nickel Based Superalloys – Properties and Their Applications. International Journal of Management, Technology and Engineering, 2018, vol. 8, no. V, pp. 268–277.
  3. Clemens H., Smarsly W., Güther V., Mayer S. Advanced intermetallic titanium aluminides. Proceedings of the 13th World Conference on Titanium, 2016, pp. 1189–1200. doi: 10.1002/9781119296126.ch203.
  4. Dwivedi P., Siddiquee A.N., Maheshwari S. Issues and requirements for aluminum alloys used in aircraft components: state of the art. Russian Journal of Non-Ferrous Metals, 2021, vol. 62, pp. 212–225. doi: 10.3103/S1067821221020048.
  5. Bewlay B.P., Nag S., Suzuki A., Weimer M.J. TiAl alloys in commercial aircraft engines. Materials at High Temperatures, 2016, vol. 33, no. 4-5, pp. 549–559. doi: 10.1080/09603409.2016.1183068.
  6. Edalati K., Toh S., Iwaoka H., Watanabe M., Horita Z., Kashioka D., Kishida K., Inui H. Ultrahigh strength and high plasticity in TiAl intermetallics with bimodal grain structure and nanotwins. Scripta Materialia, 2012, vol. 67, no. 10, pp. 814–817. doi: 10.1016/j.scriptamat.2012.07.030.
  7. Tetsui T. Application of TiAl in a turbocharger for passenger vehicles. Advanced Engineering Materials, 2001, vol. 3, no. 5, pp. 307–310. doi: 10.1002/1527-2648(200105)3:5<307::AID-ADEM307>3.0.CO;2-3.
  8. Jarvis D.J., Voss D. IMPRESS Integrated Project – an overview paper. Materials Science and Engineering: A, 2005, vol. 413-414, pp. 583–591. doi: 10.1016/j.msea.2005.09.066.
  9. Clemens H., Kestler H. Processing and applications of intermetallic γ‐TiAl‐based alloys. Advanced engineering materials, 2000, vol. 2, no. 9, pp. 551–570. doi: 10.1002/1527-2648(200009)2:9<551::AID-ADEM551>3.0.CO;2-U.
  10. Wu X. Review of alloy and process development of TiAl alloys. Intermetallics, 2006, vol. 14, no. 10-11, pp. 1114–1122. doi: 10.1016/j.intermet.2005.10.019.
  11. Cobbinah P.V., Matizamhuka W.R. Solid-state processing route, mechanical behaviour, and oxidation resistance of TiAl alloys. Advances in Materials Science and Engineering, 2019, vol. 2019, pp. 1–21. doi: 10.1155/2019/4251953.
  12. Brotzu A., Felli F., Mondal A., Pilone D. Production issues in the manufacturing of TiAl turbine blades by investment casting. Procedia Structural Integrity, 2020, vol. 25, pp. 79–87. doi: 10.1016/j.prostr.2020.04.012.
  13. Soliman H.A., Elbestawi M. Titanium aluminides processing by additive manufacturing – a review. The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, 2022, vol. 119, no. 9-10, pp. 5583–5614. doi: 10.1007/s00170-022-08728-w.
  14. Emiralioğlu A., Ünal R. Additive manufacturing of gamma titanium aluminide alloys: a review. Journal of Materials Science, 2022, vol. 57, no. 7, pp. 4441–4466. doi: 10.1007/s10853-022-06896-4.
  15. Dzogbewu T.C. Additive manufacturing of TiAl-based alloys. Manufacturing Review, 2020, vol. 7, no. 35, pp. 1–8. doi: 10.1051/mfreview/2020032.
  16. Kryukova O.N., Knyazeva A.G. Thermokinetic. Model of a Layer Growth on a Substrate During Electron-Beam Cladding. Russian Physics Journal, 2023, vol. 66, no. 1, pp. 66–73. doi: 10.1007/s11182-023-02906-3.
  17. Löber L., Biamino S., Ackelid U., Sabbadini S., Epicoco P., Fino P., Eckert J. Comparison off selective laser and electron beam melted titanium aluminides. International Solid Freeform Fabrication Symposium, 2011. doi: 10.26153/tsw/15316.
  18. Negi S., Nambolan A.A., Kapil S., Joshi P.S., Karunakaran K.P., Bhargava P. Review on electron beam based additive manufacturing. Rapid Prototyping Journal, 2020, vol. 26, no. 3, pp. 485–498. doi: 10.1108/RPJ-07-2019-0182.
  19. Özel T., Shokri H., Loizeau R. A Review on Wire-Fed Directed Energy Deposition Based Metal Additive Manufacturing. Journal of Manufacturing and Materials Processing, 2023, vol. 7, no. 1, article number 45. doi: 10.3390/jmmp7010045.
  20. Kolubaev E.A., Rubtsov V.E., Chumaevsky A.V., Astafurova E.G. Micro-, Meso-and Macrostructural Design of Bulk Metallic and Polymetallic Materials by Wire-Feed Electron-Beam Additive Manufacturing. Physical Mesomechanics, 2022, vol. 25, no. 6, pp. 479–491. doi: 10.1134/S1029959922060017.
  21. Lim H.S., Hwang M.J., Jeong H.N., Lee W.Y., Song H.J., Park Y.J. Evaluation of surface mechanical properties and grindability of binary Ti alloys containing 5 wt % Al, Cr, Sn, and V. Metals, 2017, vol. 7, no. 11, article number 487. doi: 10.3390/met7110487.
  22. Kriegel M.J., Wetzel M.H., Treichel A., Fabrichnaya O., Rafaja D. Binary Ti–Fe system. Part I: Experimental investigation at high pressure. Calphad, 2021, vol. 74, article number 102322. doi: 10.1016/j.calphad.2021.102322.
  23. Osipovich K., Kalashnikov K., Chumaevskii A. et al. Wire-Feed Electron Beam Additive Manufacturing: A Review. Metals, 2023, vol. 13, no. 2, article number 279. doi: 10.3390/ma15030814.
  24. Bieler T.R., Trevino R.M., Zeng L. Alloys: titanium. Encyclopedia of Condensed Matter Physics, 2005, pp. 65–76. doi: 10.1016/B0-12-369401-9/00536-2.
  25. Sujan G.K., Wu B., Pan Z., Li H. In-Situ Fabrication of Titanium Iron Intermetallic Compound by the Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing Process. Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A, 2020, vol. 51, pp. 552–557. doi: 10.1007/s11661-019-05555-9.
  26. Chen X.Y., Fang H.Z., Wang Q., Zhang S.Y., Chen R.R., Su Y.Q. Microstructure and microhardness of Ti–48Al alloy prepared by rapid solidification. China Foundry, 2020, vol. 17, pp. 429–434. doi: 10.1007/s41230-020-0090-7.
  27. Alshabatat N., Al-qawabah S. Effect of 4 % wt. Cu Addition on the Mechanical Characteristics and Fatigue Life of Commercially Pure Aluminum. Jordan Journal of Mechanical & Industrial Engineering, 2015, vol. 9, no. 4, pp. 297–301.

Supplementary files

Supplementary Files
Action
1. JATS XML
Download

Copyright (c)



This website uses cookies

You consent to our cookies if you continue to use our website.

About Cookies