The influence of friction stir welding conditions on thermal stability of АА6061 alloy

Cover Page

Cite item

Full Text

Abstract

Friction stir welding (FSW) is an innovative technology for the solid-phase joining of metal materials. It allows producing permanent joints of materials conventionally considered to be nonweldable, in particular aluminum alloys. However, an essential drawback of FSW is the relatively low stability of the stir zone microstructure. In particular, during post-weld heat treatment, seams frequently demonstrate abnormal grain growth. Such an undesirable phenomenon is often interpreted in terms of the so-called Humphrey’s cellular model, according to which the abnormal behavior is attributed to the essential microstructure refinement and the dissolution of the second-phase particles occurring during FSW. Since these two processes significantly depend on the temperature, the authors suggested that the thermal stability of the produced FSW seams should also be associated with the FSW heat conditions. To test this hypothesis, the authors obtained two welded seams at different FSW conditions and then studied their microstructural behavior during T6 mode thermal treatment (involving solution heat treatment followed by artificial aging). The authors used the advanced electron backscatter diffraction technique (EBSD) to investigate microstructure. In full accordance with the initial idea, the investigation showed that microstructural evolution in both studied microstructure states varied wildly. Specifically, the study identified that the reduction in the FSW temperature causes the suppression of abnormal grain growth. The authors suggested that the enhanced thermal stability of the material is associated with the conservation of the second-phase particles during the low-temperature FSW.

About the authors

Aleksandr A. Kalinenko

Belgorod State National Research University, Belgorod

Author for correspondence.
Email: kalinenko@bsu.edu.ru
ORCID iD: 0000-0001-7534-0542

postgraduate student

Russian Federation

Sergey Yu. Mironov

Belgorod State National Research University, Belgorod

Email: mironov@bsu.edu.ru
ORCID iD: 0000-0003-2202-1518

Doctor of Sciences (Physics and Mathematics), leading researcher

Russian Federation

Igor V. Vysotskiy

Belgorod State National Research University, Belgorod

Email: visotsky@bsu.edu.ru
ORCID iD: 0000-0002-4376-5535

PhD (Engineering), junior researcher

Russian Federation

Sergey S. Malopheyev

Belgorod State National Research University, Belgorod

Email: malofeev@bsu.edu.ru
ORCID iD: 0000-0001-9145-3723

PhD (Engineering), researcher

Russian Federation

References

  1. Mishra R.S., Ma Z.Y. Friction stir welding and processing. Materials Science and Engineering R: Reports, 2005, vol. 50, no. 1-2, pp. 1–78P. doi: 10.1016/j.mser.2005.07.001.
  2. Sato Y.S., Watanabe H., Kokawa H. Grain growth phenomena in friction stir welded 1100 Al during post-weld heat treatment. Science and Technology of Welding and Joining, 2007, vol. 12, no. 4, pp. 318–323. doi: 10.1179/174329307X197575.
  3. Sarkari Khorrami M., Saito N., Miyashita Y. Texture and strain-induced abnormal grain growth in cryogenic friction stir processing of severely deformed aluminum alloy. Materials Characterization, 2019, vol. 151, pp. 378–389. doi: 10.1016/j.matchar.2019.03.010.
  4. Zuiko I.S., Mironov S., Betsofen S., Kaibyshev R. Suppression of abnormal grain growth in friction-stir welded Al-Cu-Mg alloy by lowering of welding temperature. Scripta Materialia, 2021, vol. 196, article number 113765. doi: 10.1016/j.scriptamat.2021.113765.
  5. Safarkhanian M.A., Goodarzi M., Boutorabi S.M.A. Effect of abnormal grain growth on tensile strength of Al–Cu–Mg alloy friction stir welded joints. Journal of materials science, 2009, vol. 44, no. 20, pp. 5452–5458. doi: 10.1007/s10853-009-3735-x.
  6. Pang Q., Zhang J.H., Huq M.J., Hu Z.L. Characterization of microstructure, mechanical properties and formability for thermomechanical treatment of friction stir welded 2024-O alloys. Materials Science and Engineering: A, 2019, vol. 765, article number 138303. doi: 10.1016/j.msea.2019.138303.
  7. Liu F.C., Ma Z.Y., Chen L.Q. Low-temperature superplasticity of Al–Mg–Sc alloy produced by friction stir processing. Scripta Materialia, 2009, vol. 60, no. 11, pp. 968–971. doi: 10.1016/j.scriptamat.2009.02.021.
  8. Kalinenko A., Vysotskiy I., Malopheyev S., Gazizov M., Mironov S., Kaibyshev R. Suppression of abnormal grain growth in friction-stir welded aluminum by pre-strain rolling: Limitation of the approach. Materials Science and Engineering: A, 2022, vol. 832, article number 142388. doi: 10.1016/j.msea.2021.142388.
  9. Baghdadi A.H., Sajuri Z., Omar M.Z., Rajabi A. Friction Stir Welding Parameters: Impact of Abnormal Grain Growth during Post-Weld Heat Treatment on Mechanical Properties of Al–Mg–Si Welded Joints. Metals, 2020, vol. 10, no. 12, pp. 1–18. doi: 10.3390/met10121607.
  10. Kalinenko A., Vysotskiy I., Malopheyev S., Mironov S., Kaibyshev R. New insight into the phenomenon of the abnormal grain growth in friction-stir welded aluminum. Materials Letters, 2021, vol. 302, article number 130407. doi: 10.1016/j.matlet.2021.130407.
  11. Lezaack M.B., Simar A. Avoiding abnormal grain growth in thick 7XXX aluminium alloy friction stir welds during T6 post heat treatments. Materials Science and Engineering: A, 2021, vol. 807, article number 140901. doi: 10.1016/j.msea.2021.140901.
  12. Yadav D., Bauri R., Chawake N. Fabrication of Al-Zn solid solution via friction stir processing. Materials Characterization, 2018, vol. 136, pp. 221–228. doi: 10.1016/j.matchar.2017.12.022.
  13. Hou Y.F., Liu C.Y., Zhang B., Wei L.L., Dai H.T., Ma Z.Y. Mechanical properties and corrosion resistance of the fine grain structure of Al–Zn–Mg–Sc alloys fabricated by friction stir processing and post-heat treatment. Materials Science and Engineering: A, 2020, vol. 785, article number 139393. doi: 10.1016/j.msea.2020.139393.
  14. Han G., Lee K., Yoon J.-Y., Na T.-W., Ahn K., Kang M.-J., Jun T.-S. Effect of post-weld heat treatment on mechanical properties of local weld-affected zones in friction stir welded AZ31 plates. Materials Science and Engineering: A, 2021, vol. 805, article number 140809. doi: 10.1016/j.msea.2021.140809.
  15. Morisada Y., Fujii H., Nagaoka T., Fukusumi M. Effect of friction stir processing with SiC particles on microstructure and hardness of AZ31. Materials Science and Engineering: A, 2006. vol. 433, no. 1-2, pp. 50–54. doi: 10.1016/j.msea.2006.06.089.
  16. Wang W., Han P., Peng P., Guo H., Huang L., Qiao K., Hai M., Yang Q., Wang H., Wang K., Wang L. Superplastic deformation behavior of fine-grained AZ80 magnesium alloy prepared by friction stir processing. Journal of Materials Research and Technology, 2020, vol. 9, no. 3, pp. 5252–5263. doi: 10.1016/j.jmrt.2020.03.052.
  17. Sun Y., Fujii H. Effect of abnormal grain growth on microstructure and mechanical properties of friction stir welded SPCC steel plates. Materials Science and Engineering: A, 2017, vol. 694, pp. 81–92. doi: 10.1016/j.msea.2017.04.008.
  18. Li Y.J., Fu R.D., Du D.X., Jing L.J., Sang D.L., Wang Y.P. Effect of post-weld heat treatment on microstructures and properties of friction stir welded joint of 32Mn–7Cr–1Mo–0•3N steel. Science and Technology of Welding and Joining, 2015, vol. 20, no. 3, pp. 229–235. doi: 10.1179/1362171815Y.0000000001.
  19. Khodabakhshi F., Simchi A., Kokabi A.H., Gerlich A.P., Nosko M. Effects of post-annealing on the microstructure and mechanical properties of friction stir processed Al–Mg–TiO2 nanocomposites. Materials & Design, 2014, vol. 63, pp. 30–41. doi: 10.1016/j.matdes.2014.05.065.
  20. Guo J., Lee B.Y., Du Z., Bi G., Tan M.J., Wei J. Effect of nano-particle addition on grain structure evolution of friction stir-processed Al 6061 during postweld annealing. JOM, 2016, vol. 68, no. 8, pp. 2268–2273. doi: 10.1007/s11837-016-1991-1.
  21. Attallah M.M., Salem H.G. Friction stir welding parameters: a tool for controlling abnormal grain growth during subsequent heat treatment. Materials Science and Engineering: A, 2005, vol. 391, no. 1-2, pp. 51–59. doi: 10.1016/j.msea.2004.08.059.
  22. Mironov S., Masaki K., Sato Y.S., Kokawa H. Relationship between material flow and abnormal grain growth in friction-stir welds. Scripta Materialia, 2012, vol. 67, no. 12, pp. 983–986. doi: 10.1016/j.scriptamat.2012.09.002.
  23. Hassan Kh.A.A., Norman A.F., Price D.A., Prangnell P.B. Stability of nugget zone grain structures in high strength Al-alloy friction stir welds during solution treatment. Acta Materialia, 2003, vol. 51, no. 7, pp. 1923–1936. doi: 10.1016/S1359-6454(02)00598-0.
  24. Humphreys F.J. A unified theory of recovery, recrystallization and grain growth, based on the stability and growth of cellular microstructures—II. The effect of second-phase particles. Acta Materialia, 1997, vol. 45, no. 12, pp. 5031–5039. doi: 10.1016/S1359-6454(97)00173-0.
  25. Jacquin D., Guillemot G. A review of microstructural changes occurring during FSW in aluminium alloys and their modelling. Journal of Materials Processing Technology, 2021, vol. 288, article number 116706. doi: 10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2020.116706.

Supplementary files

Supplementary Files
Action
1. JATS XML
Download

Copyright (c)



This website uses cookies

You consent to our cookies if you continue to use our website.

About Cookies