<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE root>
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Frontier Materials &amp; Technologies</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Frontier Materials &amp; Technologies</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Frontier Materials &amp; Technologies</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2782-4039</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2782-6074</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Togliatti State University</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">989</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.18323/2782-4039-2024-4-70-2</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Articles</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Статьи</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Computer prediction of fracture of magnesium alloy cylindrical billet during equal channel angular pressing</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Компьютерное прогнозирование разрушения цилиндрической заготовки из магниевого сплава в процессе равноканального углового прессования</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0004-7183-4077</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Volkova</surname><given-names>Elena P.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Волкова</surname><given-names>Елена Павловна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>junior researcher of the Research Institute of Physics of Advanced Materials</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>младший научный сотрудник Научно-исследовательского института физики перспективных материалов</p></bio><email>epvolkova@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1273-8518</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Khudododova</surname><given-names>Gandzhina D.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Худододова</surname><given-names>Ганджина Дастамбуевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>junior researcher of the Research Institute of Physics of Advanced Materials</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>младший научный сотрудник Научно-исследовательского института физики перспективных материалов</p></bio><email>khudododova.gd@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9522-280X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Botkin</surname><given-names>Aleksandr V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Боткин</surname><given-names>Александр Васильевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Doctor of Sciences (Engineering), professor of Chair of Materials Science and Physics of Metals</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>доктор технических наук, профессор кафедры материаловедения и физики металлов</p></bio><email>botkinav@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4340-4067</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Valiev</surname><given-names>Ruslan Z.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Валиев</surname><given-names>Руслан Зуфарович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Doctor of Sciences (Physics and Mathematics), Professor, Director of the Research Institute of Physics of Advanced Materials</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>доктор физико-математических наук, профессор, директор Научно-исследовательского института физики перспективных материалов</p></bio><email>ruslan.valiev@ugatu.su</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Ufa University of Science and Technology</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Уфимский университет науки и технологий</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2024-12-28" publication-format="electronic"><day>28</day><month>12</month><year>2024</year></pub-date><issue>4</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>19</fpage><lpage>28</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2024-12-27"><day>27</day><month>12</month><year>2024</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2024-12-27"><day>27</day><month>12</month><year>2024</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2024, Volkova E.P., Khudododova G.D., Botkin A.V., Valiev R.Z.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2024, Волкова Е.П., Худододова Г.Д., Боткин А.В., Валиев Р.З.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2024</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Volkova E.P., Khudododova G.D., Botkin A.V., Valiev R.Z.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Волкова Е.П., Худододова Г.Д., Боткин А.В., Валиев Р.З.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://vektornaukitech.ru/jour/article/view/989">https://vektornaukitech.ru/jour/article/view/989</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The main challenge in using magnesium alloys, applied in medicine as biodegradable materials, is their difficult deformability, which in turn leads to frequent failure of samples during severe plastic deformation. This paper shows that the temperature mode of equal channel angular pressing (ECAP) of a Mg–Zn–Ca system magnesium alloy, which ensures deformation of samples without failure, can be determined based on the results of finite-element computer simulation of the stress-strain state of the billet, calculation of alloy damage using the Cockcroft–Latham model, and prediction of the sample failure area. Modelling showed that the surface area of the billet adjacent to the matrix inner corner during ECAP, is the area of possible failure of the magnesium alloy. The value of alloy damage during ECAP in this area at T=350 °C is less than 1, which corresponds to non-failure of the metal. To verify the computer simulation results, ECAP physical simulation was performed; billets without signs of failure were produced. A study of the mechanical properties of the Mg–1%Zn–0.06%Ca magnesium alloy was conducted before and after ECAP processing according to the selected mode: the ultimate strength limit increased by 45 %, the hardness increased by 16 %, while the plasticity increased by 5 %.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Основной сложностью в использовании магниевых сплавов, применяемых в медицине в качестве биоразлагаемых материалов, является труднодеформируемость, что, в свою очередь, приводит к частым разрушениям образцов во время интенсивной пластической деформации. В работе показано, что температурный режим равноканального углового прессования (РКУП) магниевого сплава системы Mg–Zn–Ca, обеспечивающий деформирование образцов без разрушения, возможно определять по результатам конечно-элементного компьютерного моделирования напряженно-деформированного состояния заготовки, расчета поврежденности сплава c использованием модели Кокрофта – Лэтэма и прогнозирования области разрушения образца. Моделирование показало, что поверхностная область заготовки, примыкающая при РКУП к внутреннему углу матрицы, является областью возможного разрушения магниевого сплава. Значение поврежденности сплава при РКУП в этой области при <italic>T</italic>=350 °C меньше 1, что соответствует неразрушению металла. Для верификации результатов компьютерного моделирования выполнено физическое моделирование РКУП, получены заготовки без признаков разрушения. Произведено исследование механических свойств магниевого сплава Mg–1%Zn–0,06%Ca до и после обработки РКУП по выбранному режиму: предел прочности повысился на 45 %, твердость увеличилась на 16 %, при этом пластичность повысилась на 5 %.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>magnesium alloys</kwd><kwd>stress-strain state</kwd><kwd>finite-element computer simulation</kwd><kwd>alloy damage</kwd><kwd>equal channel angular pressing</kwd><kwd>microhardness</kwd><kwd>ultimate strength limit</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>магниевые сплавы</kwd><kwd>напряженно-деформированное состояние</kwd><kwd>конечно-элементное компьютерное моделирование</kwd><kwd>поврежденность сплава</kwd><kwd>равноканальное угловое прессование</kwd><kwd>микротвердость</kwd><kwd>предел прочности</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="en">The work was supported by the Russian Science Foundation, project No. 24-43-20015 (https://rscf.ru/project/24-43-20015/). The experimental part was carried out using the equipment of the “Nanotech” Shared Research Facility of Ufa University of Science and Technology.</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Работа выполнена при поддержке РНФ, проект № 24-43-20015 (https://rscf.ru/project/24-43-20015/). Экспериментальная часть работы выполнена с использованием оборудования ЦКП «Нанотех» ФГБОУ ВО «УУНиТ».</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sun Yu, Zhang Baoping, Wang Yin, Geng Lin, Jiao Xiaohu. Preparation and characterization of a new biomedical Mg-Zn-Ca alloy. Materials and Design, 2012, vol. 34, pp 58–64. DOI: 10.1016/j.matdes.2011.07.058.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sun Yu, Zhang Baoping, Wang Yin, Geng Lin, Jiao Xiaohu. Preparation and characterization of a new biomedical Mg-Zn-Ca alloy // Materials and Design. 2012. Vol. 34. P. 58–64. DOI: 10.1016/j.matdes.2011.07.058.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B2"><label>2.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Vinogradov A., Merson E., Myagkikh P., Linderov M., Brilevsky A., Merson D. Attaining High Functional Performance in Biodegradable Mg-Alloys: An Overview of Challenges and Prospects for the Mg-Zn-Ca System. Materials, 2023, vol. 16, no. 3, article number 1324. DOI: 10.3390/ma16031324.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Vinogradov A., Merson E., Myagkikh P., Linderov M., Brilevsky A., Merson D. Attaining High Functional Performance in Biodegradable Mg-Alloys: An Overview of Challenges and Prospects for the Mg-Zn-Ca System // Materials. 2023. Vol. 16. № 3. Article number 1324. DOI: 10.3390/ma16031324.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B3"><label>3.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Valiev R.Z., Zhilyaev A.P., Lengdon T.Dzh. Obemnye nanostrukturnye materialy: fundamentalnye osnovy i primeneniya [Bulk nanostructural materials: fundamental principle and application]. Sankt Petersburg, Eko-Vektor Publ., 2017. 479 p.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Валиев Р.З., Жиляев А.П., Лэнгдон Т.Дж. Объемные наноструктурные материалы: фундаментальные основы и применения. СПб.: Эко-Вектор, 2017. 479 с.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B4"><label>4.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Martynenko N.S., Anisimova N.Y., Rybalchenko O.V. et al. Rationale for Processing of a Mg-Zn-Ca Alloy by Equal-Channel Angular Pressing for Use in Biodegradable Implants for Osteoreconstruction. Crystals, 2021, vol. 11, article number 1381. DOI: 10.3390/cryst11111381.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Martynenko N.S., Anisimova N.Y., Rybalchenko O.V. et al. Rationale for Processing of a Mg-Zn-Ca Alloy by Equal-Channel Angular Pressing for Use in Biodegradable Implants for Osteoreconstruction // Crystals. 2021. Vol. 11. Article number 1381. DOI: 10.3390/cryst11111381.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B5"><label>5.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Medeiros M.P., Lopes D.R., Kawasaki M., Langdon T.G., Figueiredo R.B. An Overview on the Effect of Severe Plastic Deformation on the Performance of Magnesium for Biomedical Applications. Materials, 2023, vol. 16, no. 6, article number 2401. DOI: 10.3390/ma16062401.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Medeiros M.P., Lopes D.R., Kawasaki M., Langdon T.G., Figueiredo R.B. An Overview on the Effect of Severe Plastic Deformation on the Performance of Magnesium for Biomedical Applications // Materials. 2023. Vol. 16. № 6. Article number 2401. DOI: 10.3390/ma16062401.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B6"><label>6.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rezaei-Baravati A., Kasiri-Asgarani M., Bakhsheshi-Rad H.R., Omidi M., Karamian E. Microstructure, Biodegradation, and Mechanical Properties of Biodegradable Mg-Based Alloy Containing Calcium for Biomedical Applications. Physical Mesomechanics, 2023, vol. 26, no. 2, pp. 176–195. DOI: 10.1134/S1029959923020078.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Rezaei-Baravati A., Kasiri-Asgarani M., Bakhsheshi-Rad H.R., Omidi M., Karamian E. Microstructure, Biodegradation, and Mechanical Properties of Biodegradable Mg-Based Alloy Containing Calcium for Biomedical Applications // Physical Mesomechanics. 2023. Vol. 26. № 2. P. 176–195. DOI: 10.1134/S1029959923020078.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B7"><label>7.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Alper Incesu, Ali Gungor. Mechanical properties and biodegradability of Mg–Zn–Ca alloys: homogenization heat treatment and hot rolling. Journal of materials science. Materials in medicine, 2020, vol. 31, no. 12, article number 123. DOI: 10.1007/s10856-020-06468-5.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Alper Incesu, Ali Gungor. Mechanical properties and biodegradability of Mg–Zn–Ca alloys: homogenization heat treatment and hot rolling // Journal of materials science. Materials in medicine. 2020. Vol. 31. № 12. Article number 123. DOI: 10.1007/s10856-020-06468-5.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B8"><label>8.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Roche V., Koga G.Y., Matias T.B., Kiminami C.S., Bolfarini C., Botta W.J., Nogueira R.P., Jorge Junior A.M. Degradation of Biodegradable Implants: The Influence of Microstructure and Composition of Mg-Zn-Ca Alloys. Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 2019, vol. 774, pp. 168–181. DOI: 10.1016/j.jallcom.2018.09.346.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Roche V., Koga G.Y., Matias T.B., Kiminami C.S., Bolfarini C., Botta W.J., Nogueira R.P., Jorge Junior A.M. Degradation of Biodegradable Implants: The Influence of Microstructure and Composition of Mg-Zn-Ca Alloys // Journal of Alloys and Compounds. 2019. Vol. 774. P. 168–181. DOI: 10.1016/j.jallcom.2018.09.346.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B9"><label>9.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kolmogorov V.L. Numerical simulation of large plastic deformations and failure of metals. Kuznechno-shtampovochnoe proizvodstvo, 2003, no. 2, pp. 4–16.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Колмогоров В.Л. Численное моделирование больших пластических деформаций и разрушения металлов // Кузнечно-штамповочное производство. 2003. № 2. С. 4–16.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B10"><label>10.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Botkin A.V., Valiev R.Z., Stepin P.S., Baymukhametov A.Kh. Estimation of metal damage during cold plastic deformation using the Cockcroft–Latham failure model. Deformatsiya i razrushenie materialov, 2011, no. 7, pp. 17–22. EDN: NXAHSN.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Боткин А.В., Валиев Р.З., Степин П.С., Баймухаметов А.Х. Оценка поврежденности металла при холодной пластической деформации с использованием модели разрушения Кокрофт – Латам // Деформация и разрушение материалов. 2011. № 7. С. 17–22. EDN: NXAHSN.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B11"><label>11.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kwak Eun Jeong, Bok Cheon Hee, Seo Min Hong, Kim Taek-Soo, Kim Hyoung Seop. Processing and mechanical properties of fine-grained magnesium by equal channel angular pressing. Materials Transactions, 2008, vol. 49, no. 5, pp. 1006–1010. DOI: 10.2320/matertrans.MC200725.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kwak Eun Jeong, Bok Cheon Hee, Seo Min Hong, Kim Taek-Soo, Kim Hyoung Seop. Processing and mechanical properties of fine-grained magnesium by equal channel angular pressing // Materials Transactions. 2008. Vol. 49. № 5. P. 1006–1010. DOI: 10.2320/matertrans.MC200725.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B12"><label>12.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Christiansen P., Nielsen C.V., Martins P.A.F., Bay N. Predicting the onset of cracks in bulk metal forming by ductile damage criteria. Procedia Engineering, 2017, vol. 207, pp. 2048–2053. DOI: 10.1016/j.proeng.2017.10.1106.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Christiansen P., Nielsen C.V., Martins P.A.F., Bay N. Predicting the onset of cracks in bulk metal forming by ductile damage criteria // Procedia Engineering. 2017. Vol. 207. P. 2048–2053. DOI: 10.1016/j.proeng.2017.10.1106.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B13"><label>13.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Vlasov A.V. On the application of the Cockroft–Latham criterion to predict fracture in cold forging. Izvestiya Tulskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Tekhnicheskie nauki, 2017, no. 11-1, pp. 46–58. EDN: ZVLXNV.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Власов А.В. О применении критерия Кокрофта – Лэтэма для прогнозирования разрушения при холодной объемной штамповке // Известия Тульского государственного университета. Технические науки. 2017. № 11-1. C. 46–58. EDN: ZVLXNV.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B14"><label>14.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Matveev M.A. Numerical estimation of the probability of metal failure under hot plastic deformation by means of the Cockcroft – Latham criterion. Nauchno-tekhnicheskie vedomosti SPbPU. Estestvennye i inzhenernye nauki, 2017, vol. 23, no. 2, pp. 109–126. DOI: 10.18721/JEST.230211.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Матвеев М.А. Оценка вероятности разрушения металла при горячей пластической деформации с помощью критерия Кокрофта – Латама // Научно-технические ведомости СПбПУ. Естественные и инженерные науки. 2017. Т. 23. № 2. С. 109–126. DOI: 10.18721/JEST.230211.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B15"><label>15.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Shtremel M.A. Razrushenie. Razrushenie materialov [Destruction. Destruction of materials]. Moscow, MISIS Publ., 2014. Kn. 1, 670 p.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Штремель М.А. Разрушение. В 2-х кн. Кн. 1: Разрушение материалов. М.: МИСИС, 2014. 670 с.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B16"><label>16.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Chen Xuewen, Yang Zhen, Zhang Bo, Sun Jiawei, Su Zhiyi, Mao Yiran. An Inverse Optimization Method for the Parameter Determination of the High-Temperature Damage Model and High-Temperature Damage Graph of Ti6Al4V Alloy. Materials, 2023, vol. 16, article number 4770. DOI: 10.3390/ma16134770.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Chen Xuewen, Yang Zhen, Zhang Bo, Sun Jiawei, Su Zhiyi, Mao Yiran. An Inverse Optimization Method for the Parameter Determination of the High-Temperature Damage Model and High-Temperature Damage Graph of Ti6Al4V Alloy // Materials. 2023. Vol. 16. Article number 4770. DOI: 10.3390/ma16134770.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B17"><label>17.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Khudododova G.D., Kulyasova O.B., Nafikov R.K., Islamgaliev R.K. The structure and mechanical properties of biomedical magnesium alloy Mg–1%Zn–0.2%Ca. Frontier Materials &amp; Technologies, 2022, no. 2, pp. 105–112. DOI: 10.18323/2782-4039-2022-2-105-112.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Худододова Г.Д., Кулясова О.Б., Нафиков Р.К., Исламгалиев Р.К. Структура и механические свойства биомедицинского магниевого сплава Mg–1%Zn–0,2%Ca // Frontier Materials &amp; Technologies. 2022. № 2. С. 105–112. DOI: 10.18323/2782-4039-2022-2-105-112.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B18"><label>18.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kulyasova O.B., Islamgaliev R.K. The influence of the structural changes in the Mg-1%Zn-0,2%Ca alloy, produced by ECAP on its mechanical properties. Vestnik Ufimskogo gosudarstvennogo aviatsionnogo tekhnicheskogo universiteta, 2018, vol. 22, no. 3, pp. 24–29. EDN: YAAWLZ.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Кулясова О.Б., Исламгалиев Р.К. Влияние структурных изменений на механические свойства сплава Mg-1%Zn-0,2%Ca, полученного методом равноканального углового прессования // Вестник Уфимского государственного авиационного технического университета. 2018. Т. 22. № 3. С. 24–29. EDN: YAAWLZ.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B19"><label>19.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Cockcroft M.G., Latham D.J. Ductility and Workability of metals. Journal of the Institute of Metals, 1968, vol. 96, pp. 33–39.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Cockcroft M.G., Latham D.J. Ductility and Workability of metals // Journal of the Institute of Metals. 1968. Vol. 96. P. 33–39.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B20"><label>20.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Botkin A.V., Valiev R.Z., Kublikova A.A., Dubinina S.V. Determining the shear plasticity of metals on the basis of torsion-tension tests. Steel in Translation, 2013, vol. 43, no. 6, pp. 360–364. DOI: 10.3103/S096709121306003X.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Боткин А.В., Валиев Р.З., Кубликова A.A., Дубинина С.В. Исследование пластичности металла при сдвиге на основе результатов испытаний образцов кручением, совместным с растяжением (сжатием) // Известия высших учебных заведений. Черная Металлургия. 2013. № 6. С. 60–65. DOI: 10.17073/0368-0797-2013-6-60-65.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B21"><label>21.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gao Lin, Zhao Jiang, Quan Guo-zheng, Xiong Wei, An Chao. Study on the Evolution of Damage Degradation at Different Temperatures and Strain Rates for Ti-6Al-4V Alloy. High Temperature Materials and Processes, 2018, vol. 38, pp. 332–341. DOI: 10.1515/htmp-2018-0091.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gao Lin, Zhao Jiang, Quan Guo-zheng, Xiong Wei, An Chao. Study on the Evolution of Damage Degradation at Different Temperatures and Strain Rates for Ti-6Al-4V Alloy // High Temperature Materials and Processes. 2018. Vol. 38. P. 332–341. DOI: 10.1515/htmp-2018-0091.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B22"><label>22.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kozulyn A.A., Skripnyak V.A., Krasnoveikin V.A., Skripnyak V.V., Karavatskii A.K. An investigation of physico-mechanical properties of ultrafine-grained magnesium alloys subjected to severe plastic deformation. Russian Physics Journal, 2015, vol. 57, no. 9, pp. 1261–1267. DOI: 10.1007/s11182-015-0372-5.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Козулин А.А., Скрипняк В.А., Красновейкин В.А., Скрипняк В.В., Каравацкий А.К. Исследование физико-механических свойств ультрамелкозернистых магниевых сплавов после интенсивной пластической деформации // Известия высших учебных заведений. Физика. 2014. Т. 57. № 9. С. 98–104. EDN: SXZFZX.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B23"><label>23.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Iwahashi Y., Wang J., Horita Z., Nemoto M., Langdon T.G. Principle of equal-channel angular pressing for the processing of ultra-fine-grained materials. Scripta Materialia, 1996, vol. 35, no. 2, pp. 143–146. DOI: 10.1016/1359-6462(96)00107-8.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Iwahashi Y., Wang J., Horita Z., Nemoto M., Langdon T.G. Principle of equal-channel angular pressing for the processing of ultra-fine-grained materials // Scripta Materialia. 1996. Vol. 35. № 2. P. 143–146. DOI: 10.1016/1359-6462(96)00107-8.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list></back></article>
