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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Frontier Materials &amp; Technologies</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Frontier Materials &amp; Technologies</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Frontier Materials &amp; Technologies</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2782-4039</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2782-6074</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Togliatti State University</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">973</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.18323/2782-4039-2024-3-69-10</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Articles</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Статьи</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Microstructure and strength of a 3D-printed Ti–6Al–4V alloy subjected to high-pressure torsion</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Микроструктура и прочность 3D-напечатанного сплава Ti–6Al–4V, подвергнутого кручению под высоким давлением</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1725-4651</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Usmanov</surname><given-names>Emi I.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Усманов</surname><given-names>Эмиль Ильдарович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>engineer of the Research Institute of Physics of Advanced Materials</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>инженер НИИ физики перспективных материалов</p></bio><email>usmanovei@uust.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1387-8819</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Savina</surname><given-names>Yana N.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Савина</surname><given-names>Яна Николаевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>research engineer of the Research Institute of Physics of Advanced Materials</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>инженер-исследователь НИИ физики перспективных материалов</p></bio><email>savina.yana18@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1584-2385</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Valiev</surname><given-names>Roman R.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Валиев</surname><given-names>Роман Русланович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD (Engineering), senior researcher of the Research Institute of Physics of Advanced Materials</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>кандидат технических наук, старший научный сотрудник НИИ физики перспективных материалов</p></bio><email>rovaliev@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Ufa University of Science and Technology</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Уфимский университет науки и технологий</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2024-09-30" publication-format="electronic"><day>30</day><month>09</month><year>2024</year></pub-date><issue>3</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>109</fpage><lpage>116</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2024-10-16"><day>16</day><month>10</month><year>2024</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2024-10-16"><day>16</day><month>10</month><year>2024</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2024, Usmanov E.I., Savina Y.N., Valiev R.R.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2024, Усманов Э.И., Савина Я.Н., Валиев Р.Р.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2024</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Usmanov E.I., Savina Y.N., Valiev R.R.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Усманов Э.И., Савина Я.Н., Валиев Р.Р.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://vektornaukitech.ru/jour/article/view/973">https://vektornaukitech.ru/jour/article/view/973</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Currently, one of the effective 3D printing methods is wire-feed electron-beam additive manufacturing (EBAM), which allows producing large-sized commercial billets from Ti–6Al–4V titanium alloy. However, Ti–6Al–4V alloy produced by this method demonstrates reduced strength properties. It is known that it is possible to increase the strength properties of metallic materials by refining their grain structure by high-pressure torsion (HPT). This work is aimed at studying the influence of high-pressure torsion on the microstructure, and mechanical strength of a structural Ti–6Al–4V titanium alloy produced by the wire-feed electron-beam additive manufacturing method. The microstructure of a 3D-printed Ti–6Al–4V alloy in the initial state, and after high-pressure torsion, was studied using optical, scanning and transmission electron microscopy. An EBSD analysis of the material in its original state was carried out. The microhardness of the material in the initial and deformed states was measured. Using the dependence of the yield strength on microhardness, the estimated mechanical strength of the material after processing by the high-pressure torsion method was determined. The microstructural features of the 3D-printed Ti–6Al–4V alloy after high-pressure torsion, which provide increased strength of this material, are discussed. The research results demonstrate that 3D printing, using the electron-beam additive manufacturing method, allows producing a Ti–6Al–4V titanium alloy with a microstructure unusual for this material, which consists of columnar primary β-grains with a transverse size of 1–2 mm, inside of which martensitic α'-Ti needles are located. Thin β-Ti layers with a thickness of about 200 nm are observed between the α'-Ti needles. Further deformation treatment of the alloy, using the high-pressure torsion method, allowed forming an ultrafine-grained structure in its volume, presumably consisting of α-grains with an average size of (25±10) nm. High-pressure torsion of the 3D-printed alloy allowed achieving rather high microhardness values of (448±5) НV<sub>0.1</sub>, which, according to the HV=2.8–3σ<sub>y</sub> ratio, corresponds to the estimated yield strength of approximately 1460 MPa.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>В настоящее время одним из эффективных методов 3D-печати является проволочная электронно-лучевая аддитивная технология (ЭЛАТ), которая позволяет изготавливать крупногабаритные промышленные заготовки из титанового сплава Ti–6Al–4V. Однако Ti–6Al–4V, полученный данным методом, демонстрирует пониженные прочностные свойства. Известно, что повысить прочностные свойства металлических материалов можно посредством измельчения их зеренной структуры кручением под высоким давлением (КВД). Настоящая работа направлена на исследование влияния КВД на микроструктуру и механическую прочность конструкционного титанового сплава Ti–6Al–4V, полученного методом ЭЛАТ. Посредством оптической, растровой и просвечивающей электронной микроскопии изучена микроструктура 3D-напечатанного сплава Ti–6Al–4V в исходном состоянии и после КВД. Проведен EBSD-анализ материала в исходном состоянии. Измерена микротвердость материала в исходном и деформированном состояниях. С использованием зависимости предела текучести от микротвердости определена предположительная механическая прочность материала после обработки методом КВД. Обсуждаются микроструктурные особенности 3D-напечатанного сплава Ti–6Al–4V после КВД, за счет которых обеспечивается повышенная прочность данного материала. Результаты исследований демонстрируют, что 3D-печать методом ЭЛАТ позволяет получить титановый сплав Ti–6Al–4V с необычной для данного материала микроструктурой, которая состоит из столбчатых первичных β-зерен с поперечным размером 1–2 мм, внутри которых располагаются мартенситные иглы α'-Ti. Между иглами α'-Ti наблюдаются тонкие прослойки β-Ti толщиной около 200 нм. Дальнейшая деформационная обработка сплава методом КВД позволила сформировать в его объеме ультрамелкозернистую структуру, состоящую предположительно из α-зерен со средним размером (25±10) нм. КВД-обработка 3D-напечатанного сплава позволила достичь довольно высоких значений микротвердости (448±5) НV<sub>0,1</sub>, что по соотношению HV=2,8–3σ<sub>т</sub> соответствует предположительному пределу текучести, равному примерно 1460 МПа.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>3D-printed Ti–6Al–4V titanium alloy</kwd><kwd>Ti–6Al–4V titanium alloy</kwd><kwd>wire-feed electron-beam additive manufacturing</kwd><kwd>high-pressure torsion</kwd><kwd>microstructure</kwd><kwd>mechanical properties</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>3D-напечатанный титановый сплав Ti–6Al–4V</kwd><kwd>титановый сплав Ti–6Al–4V</kwd><kwd>электронно-лучевая проволочная аддитивная технология</kwd><kwd>3D-печать</kwd><kwd>кручение под высоким давлением</kwd><kwd>микроструктура</kwd><kwd>механические свойства</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="en">The study was supported by the Russian Science Foundation grant No. 22-19-00445, https://rscf.ru/en/project/22-19-00445/. The research was carried out using the equipment of the Core Facility Centre “Nanotech” of Ufa University of Science and Technology. The paper was written on the reports of the participants of the XI International School of Physical Materials Science (SPM-2023), Togliatti, September 11–15, 2023.</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Исследование выполнено за счет гранта Российского научного фонда № 22-19-00445, https://rscf.ru/project/22-19-00445/. Исследования выполнены с использованием оборудования ЦКП «Нанотех» ФГБОУ ВО «УУНиТ». Статья подготовлена по материалам докладов участников XI Международной школы «Физическое материаловедение» (ШФМ-2023), Тольятти, 11–15 сентября 2023 года.</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Valiev R.Z., Zhilyaev A.P., Langdon T.G. Bulk Nanostructured Materials: Fundamentals and Applications. 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