<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE root>
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Frontier Materials &amp; Technologies</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Frontier Materials &amp; Technologies</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Frontier Materials &amp; Technologies</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2782-4039</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2782-6074</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Togliatti State University</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">911</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.18323/2782-4039-2024-1-67-9</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Articles</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Статьи</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Digital measurements of non-metallic inclusions in steel</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Цифровые измерения неметаллических включений в стали</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0007-3455-4457</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Stukalova</surname><given-names>Natalia A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Стукалова</surname><given-names>Наталья Анатольевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>postgraduate student</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>аспирант</p></bio><email>stukalova-n@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0003-5380-5558</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kodirov</surname><given-names>Davronjon F.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Кодиров</surname><given-names>Давронжон Фарходжон угли</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>postgraduate student</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>аспирант</p></bio><email>DFKodirov@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Alekseev</surname><given-names>Valeriy I.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Алексеев</surname><given-names>Валерий Игоревич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>postgraduate student</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>аспирант</p></bio><email>alval7@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9381-9223</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Sokolovskaya</surname><given-names>Elina A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Соколовская</surname><given-names>Элина Александровна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD (Engineering), Associate Professor, assistant professor of Chair of Metal Science and Physics of Strength</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>кандидат технических наук, доцент, доцент кафедры металловедения и физики прочности</p></bio><email>Sokolovskaya@misis.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4201-4665</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Rodionova</surname><given-names>Irina G.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Родионова</surname><given-names>Ирина Гавриловна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Doctor of Sciences (Engineering), Associate Professor, Deputy Director of the Scientific Center for Physical and Chemical Fundamentals and Technologies of Metallurgy</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>доктор технических наук, доцент, заместитель директора научного центра физико-химических основ и технологий металлургии</p></bio><email>igrodi@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">University of Science and Technology MISIS</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Университет науки и технологий МИСИС</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">State Research Center FSUE I.P. Bardin Central Research Institute of Ferrous Metallurgy</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ГНЦ ФГУП «ЦНИИчермет им. И.П. Бардина»</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2024-03-29" publication-format="electronic"><day>29</day><month>03</month><year>2024</year></pub-date><issue>1</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>95</fpage><lpage>103</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2024-03-29"><day>29</day><month>03</month><year>2024</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2024, Stukalova N.A., Kodirov D.F., Alekseev V.I., Sokolovskaya E.A., Rodionova I.G.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2024, Стукалова Н.А., Кодиров Д.Ф., Алексеев В.И., Соколовская Э.А., Родионова И.Г.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2024</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Stukalova N.A., Kodirov D.F., Alekseev V.I., Sokolovskaya E.A., Rodionova I.G.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Стукалова Н.А., Кодиров Д.Ф., Алексеев В.И., Соколовская Э.А., Родионова И.Г.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://vektornaukitech.ru/jour/article/view/911">https://vektornaukitech.ru/jour/article/view/911</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The experience of many-year research has shown that optimizing the steel chemical composition and microstructural characteristics, as well as reducing its contamination with non-metallic inclusions (NMI), it is possible to significantly increase the corrosion resistance of oilfield pipeline steels and increase the time of their trouble-free operation. The influence of complex NMIs on the steel corrosion resistance is determined by both the chemical composition of NMIs and their quantitative ratios. Therefore, obtaining metal products of the required quality is possible only when using the “control by structure” principle. In the work, based on the analysis of brightness fields of images (on a sample scale) in 256 shades of gray, the authors proposed digital, metrologically supported procedures for measuring the NMI heterogeneity of low-carbon oilfield steels: eliminating the heterogeneity of field illumination, justifying the criteria for binarization and noise filtering. For low-carbon steels of various types of melting, the authors identified the key role of dispersed non-metallic inclusions ranging in size from 5–10 μm<sup>2</sup> to 2 nm<sup>2</sup> in the formation of the corrosion resistance of steels. This may explain why, in some cases, there is no interrelation between the corrosion rate and the fracture resistance of steels, the formation of which is determined by larger particles. When representing the NMI as a set of random points on the plane, the distribution of distances between the nearest ones is estimated based on Voronoi polyhedra statistics. The study shows that an increase in the kurtosis coefficient of distributions of polyhedra areas is accompanied by an increase in the corrosion rate of the steels under study. This indicates the negative impact of heterogeneity in the arrangement of dispersed NMIs on the corrosion resistance of steels.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Опыт многолетних исследований показал, что существенно повысить коррозионную стойкость сталей нефтепромысловых трубопроводов и увеличить сроки их безаварийной эксплуатации можно, оптимизируя химический состав и микроструктурные особенности стали, а также понижая ее загрязненность неметаллическими включениями (НВ). Влияние комплексных НВ на коррозионную стойкость стали обусловлено как химическим составом НВ, так и их количественных соотношением. Поэтому получение металлопродукции требуемого качества возможно только с применением принципа «управления по структуре». В работе на основе анализа полей яркости изображений (в масштабе образцов) в 256 оттенках серого предложены цифровые метрологически обеспеченные процедуры измерения неоднородности НВ низкоуглеродистых сталей нефтепромыслового назначения, такие как устранение неоднородности освещения поля зрения, обоснование критериев бинаризации и фильтрации шумов. Для низкоуглеродистых сталей различной выплавки выявлена ключевая роль дисперсных неметаллических включений размером от 5–10 мкм<sup>2</sup> до 2 нм<sup>2</sup> в формировании коррозионной стойкости сталей. Это может объяснить, почему в ряде случаев отсутствует взаимосвязь между скоростью коррозии и сопротивлением сталей разрушению, в формировании которого определяющее влияние оказывают частицы большего размера. В представлении НВ как множества случайных точек на плоскости распределение расстояний между ближайшими из них оценено на основе статистики полиэдров Вороного. Показано, что повышению коэффициента эксцесса распределений площадей полиэдров сопутствует увеличение скорости коррозии исследуемых сталей. Это указывает на отрицательное влияние неоднородности в размещении дисперсных НВ на коррозионную стойкость сталей.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>digital measurements of structures</kwd><kwd>quality management by structure</kwd><kwd>non-metallic inclusions in steel</kwd><kwd>corrosion resistance of oilfield pipes</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>цифровые измерения структур</kwd><kwd>управление качеством по структуре</kwd><kwd>неметаллические включения в стали</kwd><kwd>коррозионная стойкость нефтепромысловых труб</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="en">The paper was written on the reports of the participants of the XI International School of Physical Materials Science (SPM-2023), Togliatti, September 11–15, 2023.</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Статья подготовлена по материалам докладов участников XI Международной школы «Физическое материаловедение» (ШФМ-2023), Тольятти, 11–15 сентября 2023 года.</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Shtremel M.A. The issues of metallurgical quality of steel (non-metallic inclusions). Metal Science and Heat Treatment, 1980, no. 8, pp. 2–6.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Штремель М.А. Проблемы металлургического качества стали (неметаллические включения) // Металловедение и термическая обработка металлов. 1980. № 8. С. 2–6.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B2"><label>2.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gulyaev A.P. Chistaya stal [Pure steel]. Moscow, Metallurgiya Publ., 1975. 184 p.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Гуляев А.П. Чистая сталь. М.: Металлургия, 1975. 184 с.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B3"><label>3.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Vinograd M.I. Vklyucheniya v stali i ee svoystva [Steel inclusions and its properties]. Moscow, Metallurgizdat Publ., 1963. 252 p.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Виноград М.И. Включения в стали и ее свойства. М.: Металлургиздат, 1963. 252 с.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B4"><label>4.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zerbst U., Madia M., Klinger C., Bettge D., Murakami Y. Defects as a root cause of fatigue failure of metallic components. II: Non-metallic inclusions. Engineering Failure Analysis, 2019, vol. 98, pp. 228–239. DOI: 10.1016/j.engfailanal.2019.01.054.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zerbst U., Madia M., Klinger C., Bettge D., Murakami Y. Defects as a root cause of fatigue failure of metallic components. II: Non-metallic inclusions // Engineering Failure Analysis. 2019. Vol. 98. P. 228–239. DOI: 10.1016/j.engfailanal.2019.01.054.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B5"><label>5.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Liu Hanze, Zhang Shikun, Zhang Jing, Ren Qiang, Zhang Lifeng, Ge Yanfeng. Properties of typical non-metallic inclusions in steel: First-principles calculations. Materials Today Communications, 2023, vol. 34, article number 105118. DOI: 10.1016/j.mtcomm.2022.105118.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Liu Hanze, Zhang Shikun, Zhang Jing, Ren Qiang, Zhang Lifeng, Ge Yanfeng. Properties of typical non-metallic inclusions in steel: First-principles calculations // Materials Today Communications. 2023. Vol. 34. Article number 105118. DOI: 10.1016/j.mtcomm.2022.105118.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B6"><label>6.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Costa e Silva A. The effects of non-metallic inclusions on properties relevant to the performance of steel in structural and mechanical applications. Journal of Materials Research and Technology, 2019, vol. 8, no. 2, pp. 2408–2422. DOI: 10.1016/j.jmrt.2019.01.009.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Costa e Silva A. The effects of non-metallic inclusions on properties relevant to the performance of steel in structural and mechanical applications // Journal of Materials Research and Technology. 2019. Vol. 8. № 2. P. 2408–2422. DOI: 10.1016/j.jmrt.2019.01.009.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B7"><label>7.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Vyboyshchik M.A., Ioffe A.V. Scientific basis of development and the methodology of creation of steels for the production of oilfield casing and tubular goods with the increased strength and corrosion resistance. Vektor nauki Tolyattinskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta, 2019, no. 1, pp. 13–20. DOI: 10.18323/2073-5073-2019-1-13-20.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Выбойщик М.А., Иоффе А.В. Научные основы разработки и методология создания сталей для производства нефтепромысловых труб повышенной прочности и коррозионной стойкости // Вектор науки Тольяттинского государственного университета. 2019. № 1. С. 13–20. DOI: 10.18323/2073-5073-2019-1-13-20.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B8"><label>8.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Amezhnov A.V., Rodionova I.G. Influence of chemical and phase composition of non-metallic inclusions on corrosion resistance of carbon and low alloy steels in water mediums typical for oilfield pipelines operating conditions. Metallurgist, 2019, vol. 63, no. 7-8, pp. 717–726. EDN: KBDKLV.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Амежнов А.В., Родионова И.Г. Влияние химического и фазового состава неметаллических включений на коррозионную стойкость углеродистых и низколегированных сталей в водных средах, характерных для условий эксплуатации нефтепромысловых трубопроводов // Металлург. 2019. № 7. С. 45–52. EDN: PEQWNK.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B9"><label>9.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kazakov A.A., Murysev V.A., Kiselev D.V. Interpretation of nature of non-metallic inclusions in assessing the quality of metal products in the industrial conditions. Chernye metally, 2021, no. 9, pp. 47–54. DOI: 10.17580/chm.2021.09.08.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Казаков А.А., Мурысев В.А., Киселев Д.В. Интерпретация природы неметаллических включений при оценке качества металлопродукции в условиях заводской практики // Черные металлы. 2021. № 9. С. 47–54. DOI: 10.17580/chm.2021.09.08.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B10"><label>10.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Passigatti S.T.P., de Oliveira M.S., de Oliveira J.R., de Souza R.M., Vieira E.A. On the comparative inclusion analysis in steels: Spark-DAT, ASCAT and optical microscopy. Journal of Materials Research and Technology, 2022, vol. 19, pp. 4745–4755. DOI: 10.1016/j.jmrt.2022.06.155.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Passigatti S.T.P., de Oliveira M.S., de Oliveira J.R., de Souza R.M., Vieira E.A. On the comparative inclusion analysis in steels: Spark-DAT, ASCAT and optical microscopy // Journal of Materials Research and Technology. 2022. Vol. 19. P. 4745–4755. DOI: 10.1016/j.jmrt.2022.06.155.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B11"><label>11.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Barbosa C., de Campos J.B., do Nascimento J.L., Caminha I.M.V. Quantitative study on nonmetallic inclusion particles in steels by automatic image analysis with extreme values method. Journal of Iron and Steel Research International, 2009, vol. 16, pp. 18–21. DOI: 10.1016/S1006-706X(09)60054-6.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Barbosa C., de Campos J.B., do Nascimento J.L., Caminha I.M.V. Quantitative study on nonmetallic inclusion particles in steels by automatic image analysis with extreme values method // Journal of Iron and Steel Research International. 2009. Vol. 16. P. 18–21. DOI: 10.1016/S1006-706X(09)60054-6.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B12"><label>12.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kudrya A.V., Sokolovskaya E.A., Perezhogin V.Yu., Kodirov D.F. On taking into account the statistical nature of objects in structural analysis in metals science. Russian metallurgy (Metally), 2020, vol. 2020, no. 12, pp. 1435–1438. DOI: 10.1134/S0036029520120149.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Кудря А.В., Соколовская Э.А., Пережогин В.Ю., Кодиров Д.Ф. Об учете статистической природы объектов при анализе структур в металловедении // Электрометаллургия. 2020. № 7. С. 22–27. EDN: DTRDTP.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B13"><label>13.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kudrya A.V., Sokolovskaya E.A., Perezhogin V.Yu., Kha N.N. Some practical concerns related to computer procedures of processing images in material science. Vektor nauki Tolyattinskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta, 2019, no. 4, pp. 35–44. DOI: 10.18323/2073-5073-2019-4-35-44.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Кудря А.В., Соколовская Э.А., Пережогин В.Ю., Ха Н.Н. Некоторые практические соображения, связанные с компьютерными процедурами обработки изображений в материаловедении // Вектор науки Тольяттинского государственного университета. 2019. № 4. С. 35–44. DOI: 10.18323/2073-5073-2019-4-35-44.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B14"><label>14.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gonsales R.S., Vuds R.E. Tsifrovaya obrabotka izobrazheniy [Digital Image Processing]. Moscow, Tekhnosfera Publ., 2012. 1104 p.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Гонсалес Р.С., Вудс Р.Е. Цифровая обработка изображений. М.: Техносфера, 2012. 1104 с.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B15"><label>15.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sokolovskaya E.A., Kudrya A.V., Perezhogin V.Yu., Tang V.P., Kodirov D.F.U., Sergeyev M.I. Possibilities of measurement digitalization in metal science for the introduction of quantitative measurement to the evaluation of structures and fractures. Metallurgist, 2022, vol. 66, no. 7, pp. 792–804. DOI: 10.1007/s11015-022-01390-3.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Соколовская Э.А., Кудря А.В., Пережогин В.Ю., Танг В.Ф., Кодиров Д.Ф.У., Сергеев М.И. Возможности цифровизации измерений в металловедении для внесения в оценку структур и разрушения количественной меры // Металлург. 2022. № 7. C. 48–57. DOI: 10.52351/00260827_2022_07_48.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B16"><label>16.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kazakov A.A., Kiselev D.V., Kazakova E.I. Quantitative methods for assessing the microstructure of steel and alloys for revising outdated GOST standards. Lite i metallurgiya, 2021, no. 2, pp. 42–48. DOI: 10.21122/1683-6065-2021-2-42-48.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Казаков А.А., Киселев Д.В., Казакова Е.И. Количественные методы оценки микроструктуры стали и сплавов для пересмотра устаревших ГОСТ // Литье и металлургия. 2021. № 2. С. 42–48. DOI: 10.21122/1683-6065-2021-2-42-48.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B17"><label>17.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">McHugh S.T. Understanding Photography. Master Your Digital Camera and Capture That Perfect. San Francisco, No Starch Press Publ., 2018. 240 p.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">McHugh S.T. Understanding Photography. Master Your Digital Camera and Capture That Perfect. San Francisco: No Starch Press, 2018. 240 p.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B18"><label>18.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Voronoi G.F. Nouvelles applications des paramètres continus à la théorie de formes quadratiques. Journal für die reine und angewandte Mathematik, 2009, vol. 1908, no. 134, pp. 198–287. DOI: 10.1515/crll.1908.134.198.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Voronoi G.F. Nouvelles applications des paramètres continus à la théorie de formes quadratiques // Journal für die reine und angewandte Mathematik. 2009. Vol. 1908. № 134. P. 198–287. DOI: 10.1515/crll.1908.134.198.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B19"><label>19.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Jo Sung-Koo, Kim Seon-Hyo, Song Bo. Thermodynamics on the Formation of Spinel (MgO×Al2O3). Inclusion in Liquid Iron Containing Chromium. Metallurgical and Materials Transactions B, 2002, vol. 33, pp. 703–709. DOI: 10.1007/s11663-002-0023-4.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Jo Sung-Koo, Kim Seon-Hyo, Song Bo. Thermodynamics on the Formation of Spinel (MgO×Al2O3). Inclusion in Liquid Iron Containing Chromium // Metallurgical and Materials Transactions B. 2002. Vol. 33. P. 703–709. DOI: 10.1007/s11663-002-0023-4.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B20"><label>20.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Osio A.S., Liu S., Olson D.L. The effect of solidification on the formation and growth of inclusions in low carbon steel welds. Material Science and Engineering A, 1996, vol. 221, no. 1-2, pp. 122–133. DOI: 10.1016/S0921-5093(96)10466-4.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Osio A.S., Liu S., Olson D.L. The effect of solidification on the formation and growth of inclusions in low carbon steel welds // Material Science and Engineering A. 1996. Vol. 221. № 1-2. P. 122–133. DOI: 10.1016/S0921-5093(96)10466-4.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list></back></article>
