<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE root>
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="other" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Frontier Materials &amp; Technologies</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Frontier Materials &amp; Technologies</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Frontier Materials &amp; Technologies</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2782-4039</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2782-6074</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Togliatti State University</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">894</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.18323/2782-4039-2023-4-66-7</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Articles</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Статьи</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject></subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Simulation of electrical parameters of a galvanic cell in the process of microarc oxidation</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Моделирование электрических параметров гальванической ячейки в процессе микродугового оксидирования</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5657-9128</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Pecherskaya</surname><given-names>Ekaterina Anatolyevna</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Печерская</surname><given-names>Екатерина Анатольевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Doctor of Sciences (Engineering), Professor, Head of Chair “Information and Measuring Equipment and Metrology”</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>доктор технических наук, профессор, заведующий кафедрой «Информационно-измерительная техника и метрология»</p></bio><email>pea1@list.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Semenov</surname><given-names>Anatoly Dmitrievich</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Семёнов</surname><given-names>Анатолий Дмитриевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Doctor of Sciences (Engineering), Professor of Chair “Information and Measuring Equipment and Metrology”</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>доктор технических наук, профессор кафедры «Информационно-измерительная техника и метрология»</p></bio><email>sad-50@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4387-3181</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Golubkov</surname><given-names>Pavel Evgenievich</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Голубков</surname><given-names>Павел Евгеньевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD (Engineering), assistant professor of Chair “Information and Measuring Equipment and Metrology”</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>кандидат технических наук, доцент кафедры «Информационно-измерительная техника и метрология»</p></bio><email>golpavpnz@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Penza State University, Penza</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Пензенский государственный университет, Пенза</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2023-12-30" publication-format="electronic"><day>30</day><month>12</month><year>2023</year></pub-date><issue>4</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>73</fpage><lpage>85</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2023-12-28"><day>28</day><month>12</month><year>2023</year></date></history><permissions><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://vektornaukitech.ru/jour/article/view/894">https://vektornaukitech.ru/jour/article/view/894</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Microarc oxidation is a promising technology for producing wear-resistant anticorrosive coatings for goods made of valve metals and alloys and is used in many industries. One of the main problems of this technology is low controllability caused by the complexity and interconnectedness of physical and chemical phenomena occurring during the coating process. To solve such problems, digital twins are currently actively used. The paper covers the development of mathematical models that are advisable to use as structural elements of the digital twin of the microarc oxidation process. An equivalent electrical circuit of a galvanic cell of microarc oxidation is given, which takes into account the electrolyte resistance, the part coating resistance in the form of a parallel connection of nonlinear active resistance and capacitive reactance. The authors propose a mathematical model describing the behavior of the equivalent electrical circuit of a galvanic cell of microarc oxidation. A technique for determining the parameters of this model was developed, including the construction of a waveform of changes in the resistance of the cell and its approximation, estimation of the values of resistances and capacitance of the galvanic cell equivalent circuit. The authors proposed a calculation method and developed a Simulink model of the microarc oxidation process, which allows simulating the current and voltage waveforms of a galvanic cell. The analysis of the model showed that the model is stable, controllable and observable, but poorly conditioned, which leads to modelling errors, the maximum value of which is 7 % for voltage and 10 % for current. By the parametric identification method using experimental current and voltage waveforms, the dependences of the parameters of the galvanic cell equivalent circuit on the oxidation time are obtained. It is found that the change in the period average of the galvanic cell active resistance correlates with the coating thickness.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Микродуговое оксидирование является перспективной технологией получения износостойких антикоррозионных покрытий изделий из вентильных металлов и сплавов и применяется во многих отраслях промышленности. Одной из основных проблем данной технологии является низкая управляемость, обусловленная сложностью и взаимосвязанностью физико-химических явлений, происходящих в процессе нанесения покрытий. Для решения подобных проблем в настоящее время активно используются цифровые двойники. Исследование посвящено разработке математических моделей, которые целесообразно использовать в качестве структурных элементов цифрового двойника процесса микродугового оксидирования. Представлена электрическая схема замещения гальванической ячейки микродугового оксидирования, учитывающая сопротивление электролита, сопротивление покрытия детали в виде параллельного соединения нелинейного активного сопротивления и реактивного емкостного сопротивления. Предложена математическая модель, описывающая поведение электрической схемы замещения гальванической ячейки микродугового оксидирования. Разработана методика определения параметров указанной модели, включающая построение осциллограммы изменения сопротивления ячейки и ее аппроксимацию, оценку значений сопротивлений и емкости схемы замещения гальванической ячейки. Предложен способ расчета и разработана Simulink-модель процесса микродугового оксидирования, позволяющая имитировать осциллограммы тока и напряжения гальванической ячейки. Анализ модели показал, что модель устойчива, управляема и наблюдаема, но плохо обусловлена, что приводит к возникновению ошибок моделирования, максимальное значение которых составляет 7 % для напряжения и 10 % для тока. Методом параметрической идентификации с использованием экспериментальных осциллограмм тока и напряжения получены зависимости параметров схемы замещения гальванической ячейки от времени оксидирования. Установлено, что изменение среднего за период активного сопротивления гальванической ячейки коррелирует с толщиной покрытия.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>microarc oxidation</kwd><kwd>equivalent electrical circuit</kwd><kwd>mathematical model</kwd><kwd>Simulink model</kwd><kwd>coating resistance and capacitance</kwd><kwd>model adequacy</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>микродуговое оксидирование</kwd><kwd>электрическая схема замещения</kwd><kwd>математическая модель</kwd><kwd>Simulink-модель</kwd><kwd>сопротивление и емкость покрытия</kwd><kwd>адекватность модели</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="en">This work was supported by the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation, project No. 1022041100284-5-2.3.1. The paper was written on the reports of the participants of the XI International School of Physical Materials Science (SPM-2023), Togliatti, September 11–15, 2023.</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Работа выполнена при поддержке Министерства науки и высшего образования РФ, проект № 1022041100284-5-2.3.1. Статья подготовлена по материалам докладов участников XI Международной школы «Физическое материаловедение» (ШФМ-2023), Тольятти, 11–15 сентября 2023 года.</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Yu Ji-Min, Choe Han-Cheol. Morphology Changes and Bone Formation on PEO-treated Ti-6Al-4V Alloy in Electrolyte Containing Ca, P, Sr, and Si Ions. Applied Surface Science, 2019, vol. 477, pp. 121–130. DOI: 10.1016/j.apsusc.2017.11.223.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Yu Ji-Min, Choe Han-Cheol. Morphology Changes and Bone Formation on PEO-treated Ti-6Al-4V Alloy in Electrolyte Containing Ca, P, Sr, and Si Ions // Applied Surface Science. 2019. Vol. 477. P. 121–130. DOI: 10.1016/j.apsusc.2017.11.223.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B2"><label>2.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Simchen F., Sieber M., Kopp A., Lampke Th. Introduction to Plasma Electrolytic Oxidation – An Overview of the Process and Applications. Coatings, 2020, vol. 10, no. 7, article number 628. DOI: 10.3390/coatings10070628.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Simchen F., Sieber M., Kopp A., Lampke Th. Introduction to Plasma Electrolytic Oxidation – An Overview of the Process and Applications // Coatings. 2020. Vol. 10. № 7. Article number 628. DOI: 10.3390/coatings10070628.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B3"><label>3.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Troughton S.C., Nomine A., Nomine A.V., Henrion G., Clyne T.W. Synchronised electrical monitoring and high speed video of bubble growth associated with individual discharges during plasma electrolytic oxidation. Applied Surface Science, 2015, vol. 359, pp. 405–411. DOI: 10.1016/j.apsusc.2015.10.124.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Troughton S.C., Nomine A., Nomine A.V., Henrion G., Clyne T.W. Synchronised electrical monitoring and high speed video of bubble growth associated with individual discharges during plasma electrolytic oxidation // Applied Surface Science. 2015. Vol. 359. P. 405–411. DOI: 10.1016/j.apsusc.2015.10.124.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B4"><label>4.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Yang Kai, Zeng Jiaquan, Huang Haisong, Chen Jiadui, Cao Biao. A Novel Self-Adaptive Control Method for Plasma Electrolytic Oxidation Processing of Aluminum Alloys. Materials, 2019, vol. 12, no. 17, article number 2744. DOI: 10.3390/ma12172744.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Yang Kai, Zeng Jiaquan, Huang Haisong, Chen Jiadui, Cao Biao. A Novel Self-Adaptive Control Method for Plasma Electrolytic Oxidation Processing of Aluminum Alloys // Materials. 2019. Vol. 12. № 17. Article number 2744. DOI: 10.3390/ma12172744.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B5"><label>5.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pecherskaya E.A., Golubkov P.E., Karpanin O.V., Artamonov D.V., Safronov M.I., Pecherskiy A.V. Study on Effects of Technological Parameters of Micro-Arc Oxidation on Properties of Oxide Coatings. Izvestiya vysshikh uchebnykh zavedeniy. Elektronika, 2019, vol. 24, no. 4, pp. 363–369. DOI: 10.24151/1561-5405-2019-24-4-363-369.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Печерская Е.А., Голубков П.Е., Карпанин О.В., Артамонов Д.В., Сафронов М.И., Печерский А.В. Исследование влияния технологических параметров процесса микродугового оксидирования на свойства оксидных покрытий // Известия высших учебных заведений. Электроника. 2019. Т. 24. № 4. C. 363–369. DOI: 10.24151/1561-5405-2019-24-4-363-369.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B6"><label>6.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tu Wenbin, Zhu Zhunda, Zhuang Xiujuan, Cheng Yingliang, Skeldon P. Effect of frequency on black coating formation on AZ31 magnesium alloy by plasma electrolytic oxidation in aluminate-tungstate electrolyte. Surface and Coatings Technology, 2019, vol. 372, pp. 34–44. DOI: 10.1016/j.surfcoat.2019.05.012.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Tu Wenbin, Zhu Zhunda, Zhuang Xiujuan, Cheng Yingliang, Skeldon P. Effect of frequency on black coating formation on AZ31 magnesium alloy by plasma electrolytic oxidation in aluminate-tungstate electrolyte // Surface and Coatings Technology. 2019. Vol. 372. P. 34–44. DOI: 10.1016/j.surfcoat.2019.05.012.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B7"><label>7.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Botin-Sanabria D.M., Mihaita A.-S., Peimbert-Garcia R.E., Ramirez-Moreno M.A., Ramirez-Mendoza R.A., Lozoya-Santos J.J. Digital Twin Technology Challenges and Applications: A Comprehensive Review. Remote Sensing, 2022, vol. 14, no. 6, article number 1335. DOI: 10.3390/rs14061335.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Botin-Sanabria D.M., Mihaita A.-S., Peimbert-Garcia R.E., Ramirez-Moreno M.A., Ramirez-Mendoza R.A., Lozoya-Santos J.J. Digital Twin Technology Challenges and Applications: A Comprehensive Review // Remote Sensing. 2022. Vol. 14. № 6. Article number 1335. DOI: 10.3390/rs14061335.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B8"><label>8.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zhu Lujun, Ke Xiaoxing, Li Jingwei, Zhang Yuefei, Zhang Zhenhua, Sui Manling. Growth mechanisms for initial stages of plasma electrolytic oxidation coating on Al. Surfaces and Interfaces, 2021, vol. 25, article number 101186. DOI: 10.1016/j.surfin.2021.101186.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zhu Lujun, Ke Xiaoxing, Li Jingwei, Zhang Yuefei, Zhang Zhenhua, Sui Manling. Growth mechanisms for initial stages of plasma electrolytic oxidation coating on Al // Surfaces and Interfaces. 2021. Vol. 25. Article number 101186. DOI: 10.1016/j.surfin.2021.101186.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B9"><label>9.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rogov A.B., Huang Yingying, Shore D., Matthews A., Yerokhin A. Toward rational design of ceramic coatings generated on valve metals by plasma electrolytic oxidation: The role of cathodic polarization. Ceramics International, 2021, vol. 47, no. 24, pp. 34137–34158. DOI: 10.1016/j.ceramint.2021.08.324.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Rogov A.B., Huang Yingying, Shore D., Matthews A., Yerokhin A. Toward rational design of ceramic coatings generated on valve metals by plasma electrolytic oxidation: The role of cathodic polarization // Ceramics International. 2021. Vol. 47. № 24. P. 34137–34158. DOI: 10.1016/j.ceramint.2021.08.324.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B10"><label>10.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Aliofkhazraei M., Macdonald D.D., Matykina E., Parfenov E.V., Egorkin V.S., Curran J.A., Troughton S.C., Sinebryukhov S.L., Gnedenkov S.V., Lampke T., Simchen F., Nabavi H.F. Review of plasma electrolytic oxidation of titanium substrates: Mechanism, properties, applications and limitations. Applied Surface Science Advances, 2021, vol. 5, article number 100121. DOI: 10.1016/j.apsadv.2021.100121.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Aliofkhazraei M., Macdonald D.D., Matykina E., Parfenov E.V., Egorkin V.S., Curran J.A., Troughton S.C., Sinebryukhov S.L., Gnedenkov S.V., Lampke T., Simchen F., Nabavi H.F. Review of plasma electrolytic oxidation of titanium substrates: Mechanism, properties, applications and limitations // Applied Surface Science Advances. 2021. Vol. 5. Article number 100121. DOI: 10.1016/j.apsadv.2021.100121.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B11"><label>11.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hussein R.O., Nie X., Northwood D.O., Yerokhin A., Matthews A. Spectroscopic study of electrolytic plasma and discharging behaviour during the plasma electrolytic oxidation (PEO) process. Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics, 2010, vol. 43, no. 10, article number 105203. DOI: 10.1088/0022-3727/43/10/105203.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hussein R.O., Nie X., Northwood D.O., Yerokhin A., Matthews A. Spectroscopic study of electrolytic plasma and discharging behaviour during the plasma electrolytic oxidation (PEO) process // Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics. 2010. Vol. 43. № 10. Article number 105203. DOI: 10.1088/0022-3727/43/10/105203.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B12"><label>12.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Clyne T.W., Troughton S.C. A review of recent work on discharge characteristics during plasma electrolytic oxidation of various metals. International Materials Reviews, 2018, vol. 64, no. 3, pp. 1–36. DOI: 10.1080/09506608.2018.1466492.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Clyne T.W., Troughton S.C. A review of recent work on discharge characteristics during plasma electrolytic oxidation of various metals // International Materials Reviews. 2018. Vol. 64. № 3. P. 1–36. DOI: 10.1080/09506608.2018.1466492.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B13"><label>13.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Golubkov P.E., Pecherskaya E.A., Artamonov D.V., Zinchenko T.O., Gerasimova Yu.E., Rozenberg N.V. Electrophysical model of micro-arc oxidation process. Russian Physics Journal, 2020, vol. 62, no. 11, pp. 2137–2144. DOI: 10.1007/s11182-020-01958-z.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Голубков П.Е., Печерская Е.А., Артамонов Д.В., Зинченко Т.О., Герасимова Ю.Е., Розенберг Н.В. Электрофизическая модель процесса микродугового оксидирования // Известия высших учебных заведений. Физика. 2019. Т. 62. № 11. С. 166–171. DOI: 10.17223/00213411/ 62/11/166.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B14"><label>14.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mengesha G.A., Chu Jinn P., Lou Bih-Show, Lee Jyh-Wei. Corrosion performance of plasma electrolytic oxidation grown oxide coating on pure aluminum: effect of borax concentration. Journal of Materials Research and Technology, 2020, vol. 9, no. 4, pp. 8766–8779. DOI: 10.1016/j.jmrt.2020.06.020.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Mengesha G.A., Chu Jinn P., Lou Bih-Show, Lee Jyh-Wei. Corrosion performance of plasma electrolytic oxidation grown oxide coating on pure aluminum: effect of borax concentration // Journal of Materials Research and Technology. 2020. Vol. 9. № 4. P. 8766–8779. DOI: 10.1016/j.jmrt.2020.06.020.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B15"><label>15.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sowa M., Olesinski A., Szumski B., Maciej A., Bik M., Jelen P., Sitarz M., Simka W. Electrochemical characterization of anti-corrosion coatings formed on 6061 aluminum alloy by plasma electrolytic oxidation in the corrosion inhibitor-enriched aqueous solutions. Electrochimica Acta, 2022, vol. 424, article number 140652. DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2022.140652.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sowa M., Olesinski A., Szumski B., Maciej A., Bik M., Jelen P., Sitarz M., Simka W. Electrochemical characterization of anti-corrosion coatings formed on 6061 aluminum alloy by plasma electrolytic oxidation in the corrosion inhibitor-enriched aqueous solutions // Electrochimica Acta. 2022. Vol. 424. Article number 140652. DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2022.140652.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B16"><label>16.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Polunin A.V., Cheretaeva A.O., Borgardt E.D., Rastegaev I.A., Krishtal M.M., Katsman A.V., Yasnikov I.S. Improvement of oxide layers formed by plasma electrolytic oxidation on cast Al-Si alloy by incorporating TiC nanoparticles. Surface and Coatings Technology, 2021, vol. 423, article number 127603. DOI: 10.1016/j.surfcoat.2021.127603.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Polunin A.V., Cheretaeva A.O., Borgardt E.D., Rastegaev I.A., Krishtal M.M., Katsman A.V., Yasnikov I.S. Improvement of oxide layers formed by plasma electrolytic oxidation on cast Al-Si alloy by incorporating TiC nanoparticles // Surface and Coatings Technology. 2021. Vol. 423. Article number 127603. DOI: 10.1016/j.surfcoat.2021.127603.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B17"><label>17.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Moga S.G., Negrea D.A., Ducu C.M., Malinovschi V., Schiopu A.G., Coaca E., Patrascu I. The Influence of Processing Time on Morphology, Structure and Functional Properties of PEO Coatings on AZ63 Magnesium Alloy. Applied Sciences, 2022, vol. 12, no. 24, article number 12848. DOI: 10.3390/app122412848.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Moga S.G., Negrea D.A., Ducu C.M., Malinovschi V., Schiopu A.G., Coaca E., Patrascu I. The Influence of Processing Time on Morphology, Structure and Functional Properties of PEO Coatings on AZ63 Magnesium Alloy // Applied Sciences. 2022. Vol. 12. № 24. Article number 12848. DOI: 10.3390/app122412848.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B18"><label>18.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mortazavi G., Jiang Jiechao, Meletis E.I. Investigation of the plasma electrolytic oxidation mechanism of titanium. Applied Surface Science, 2019, vol. 488, pp. 370–382. DOI: 10.1016/j.apsusc.2019.05.250.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Mortazavi G., Jiechao Jiang, Meletis E.I. Investigation of the plasma electrolytic oxidation mechanism of titanium // Applied Surface Science. 2019. Vol. 488. P. 370–382. DOI: 10.1016/j.apsusc.2019.05.250.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B19"><label>19.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Egorkin V.S., Gnedenkov S.V., Sinebryukhov S.L., Vyaliy I.E., Gnedenkov A.S., Chizhikov R.G. Increasing thickness and protective properties of PEO-coatings on aluminum alloy. Surface and Coatings Technology, 2018, vol. 334, pp. 29–42. DOI: 10.1016/j.surfcoat.2017.11.025.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Egorkin V.S., Gnedenkov S.V., Sinebryukhov S.L., Vyaliy I.E., Gnedenkov A.S., Chizhikov R.G. Increasing thickness and protective properties of PEO-coatings on aluminum alloy // Surface and Coatings Technology. 2018. Vol. 334. P. 29–42. DOI: 10.1016/j.surfcoat.2017.11.025.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B20"><label>20.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kaseem M., Fatimah S., Nashrah N., Ko Young Gun. Recent progress in surface modification of metals coated by plasma electrolytic oxidation: Principle, structure, and performance. Progress in Materials Science, 2021, vol. 117, article number 100735. DOI: 10.1016/j.pmatsci.2020.100735.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kaseem M., Fatimah S., Nashrah N., Ko Young Gun. Recent progress in surface modification of metals coated by plasma electrolytic oxidation: Principle, structure, and performance // Progress in Materials Science. 2021. Vol. 117. Article number 100735. DOI: 10.1016/j.pmatsci.2020.100735.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list></back></article>
