<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE root>
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="other" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Frontier Materials &amp; Technologies</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Frontier Materials &amp; Technologies</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Frontier Materials &amp; Technologies</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2782-4039</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2782-6074</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Togliatti State University</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">566</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.18323/2782-4039-2022-3-2-56-67</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Articles</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Статьи</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject></subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">The formation of PEO coatings on the superelastic Ti–18Zr–15Nb alloy in calcium-containing electrolytes</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Формирование покрытий методом плазменно-электролитического оксидирования на сверхупругом сплаве Ti–18Zr–15Nb в кальцийсодержащих электролитах</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6670-1537</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Farrakhov</surname><given-names>Ruzil G.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Фаррахов</surname><given-names>Рузиль Галиевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD (Engineering), Associate Professor, assistant professor of Chair of Electronic Engineering</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>кандидат технических наук, доцент, доцент кафедры электронной инженерии </p></bio><email>farrahov.rg@ugatu.su</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Aubakirova</surname><given-names>Veta R.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Аубакирова</surname><given-names>Вета Робертовна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD (Engineering), senior lecturer of Chair of Electronic Engineering</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>кандидат технических наук, старший преподаватель кафедры электронной инженерии </p></bio><email>veta_mr@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Gorbatkov</surname><given-names>Mikhail V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Горбатков</surname><given-names>Михаил Викторович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD (Engineering), senior researcher of Chair of Electronic Engineering</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>кандидат технических наук, старший научный сотрудник кафедры электронной инженерии</p></bio><email>mikesg@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Lebedev</surname><given-names>Yury A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Лебедев</surname><given-names>Юрий Анатольевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD (Physics and Mathematics), senior researcher of the Laboratory of Solid State Physics</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>кандидат физико-математических наук, старший научный сотрудник лаборатории физики твердого тела </p></bio><email>lebedev@anrb.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0113-314X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Parfenov</surname><given-names>Evgeny V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Парфенов</surname><given-names>Евгений Владимирович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Doctor of Sciences (Engineering), Associate Professor, professor of Chair of Electronic Engineering</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>доктор технических наук, доцент, профессор кафедры электронной инженерии</p></bio><email>parfenov.ev@ugatu.su</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Ufa State Aviation Technical University, Ufa</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Уфимский государственный авиационный технический университет, Уфа</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Institute of Physics of Molecules and Crystals of Ufa Federal Research Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Ufa</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Институт физики молекул и кристаллов Уфимского научного центра Российской академии наук, Уфа</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2022-09-30" publication-format="electronic"><day>30</day><month>09</month><year>2022</year></pub-date><issue>3-2</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>56</fpage><lpage>67</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2022-09-30"><day>30</day><month>09</month><year>2022</year></date></history><permissions><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://vektornaukitech.ru/jour/article/view/566">https://vektornaukitech.ru/jour/article/view/566</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The paper discusses the influence of the electrolyte composition on the characteristics of a biocompatible coating produced by plasma electrolytic oxidation (PEO) on titanium superelastic shape memory alloy Ti–18Zr–15Nb. The scientific novelty of the work is in the identification of the most effective electrolyte composition to form a PEO coating with improved functional properties for advanced metal implants. Having important scientific and social significance, the scientific results of the work will serve as the basis for the development of modern technologies for the production of new-generation implants for orthopedy and neurosurgery. To identify the most effective electrolyte composition, the authors studied the morphology and microstructure of the coatings, phase and elemental composition, adhesive properties, and surface wear resistance, and also they carried out electrochemical corrosion tests. The resulting coatings have a thickness in the range of ~15.5–17 µm, and porosity of ~12–18 %. The additive of sodium silicate significantly smooths the surface and increases the wear resistance, but, at the same time, it reduces the adhesive properties of the coatings. The coatings contain biocompatible calcium phosphate compounds, which presence is confirmed by an amorphous halo between ~25° and ~40° in the results of X-ray phase analysis and by the identified elements Ca and P in the elemental analysis. The electrochemical impedance spectroscopy results identified the difference in the structure of the PEO coatings and the corrosion processes occurring in them. Coatings formed in the phosphate electrolytes have two layers: the external porous and internal compact, and in the phosphate-silicate electrolytes – a single layer. The study identified that the plasma-electrolytic oxidation reduces the corrosion currents by 1–3 orders compared to a specimen without the PEO treatment. The coating formed in a phosphate electrolyte with the addition of boric acid and calcium acetate has the best corrosion characteristics and the highest roughness, which could positively affects the biocompatibility. This electrolyte can be recommended for further research as the most effective one.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Обсуждается влияние состава электролита на характеристики биосовместимого покрытия, полученного методом плазменно-электролитического оксидирования (ПЭО) на титановом сверхупругом сплаве с памятью формы Ti–18Zr–15Nb. Научная новизна работы заключается в выявлении наиболее эффективного состава электролита для формирования ПЭО-покрытия с повышенными функциональными свойствами для перспективных металлических имплантатов. Научные результаты работы обладают важной научной и социальной значимостью и послужат основой для разработки современных технологий производства имплантатов нового поколения для ортопедии и нейрохирургии. Для выявления наиболее эффективного состава электролита были исследованы морфология и микроструктура покрытий, фазовый и элементный состав, адгезия покрытий и износостойкость поверхности, а также проведены электрохимические коррозионные испытания. Полученные покрытия имеют толщину в диапазоне ~15,5–17 мкм, пористость ~12–18 %. Добавка в виде силиката натрия существенно сглаживает поверхность и повышает износостойкость, но при этом снижает адгезионные свойства покрытий. Покрытия имеют в своем составе биосовместимые соединения кальций-фосфатов, что подтверждается наличием аморфного гало между 25 и ~40° в результатах рентгенофазового анализа и выявленных элементов Ca и P в элементном анализе. По результатам электрохимической импедансной спектроскопии выявлено различие в структуре ПЭО-покрытий и коррозионных процессов, протекающих в них. Покрытия, сформированные в фосфатных электролитах, имеют два слоя: внешний пористый и внутренний компактный, а в фосфатно-силикатных электролитах – один слой. Установлено, что ПЭО снижает токи коррозии на 1–3 порядка по сравнению с образцом без ПЭО-обработки. Покрытие, сформированное в фосфатном электролите с добавкой борной кислоты и ацетата кальция, обладает наилучшими коррозионными характеристиками, имеет наибольшую шероховатость, что положительно влияет на биосовместимость. Данный электролит может быть рекомендован для дальнейших исследований в качестве наиболее эффективного.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>plasma electrolytic oxidation</kwd><kwd>Ti–Zr–Nb alloys</kwd><kwd>surface modification</kwd><kwd>shape memory alloys</kwd><kwd>corrosion tests</kwd><kwd>biocompatible coatings</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>плазменно-электролитическое оксидирование</kwd><kwd>Ti–Zr–Nb сплавы</kwd><kwd>модификация поверхности</kwd><kwd>сплавы с памятью формы</kwd><kwd>коррозионные испытания</kwd><kwd>биосовместимые покрытия</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="en">The work is supported by the RSF grant No. 20-69-47029 “Nanostructural superelastic Ti–Zr–Nb alloys for bone implants with the advanced biocompatibility achieved by plasma electrolytic oxidation of the surface”.</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Работа поддержана грантом РНФ № 20-69-47029 «Наноструктурные сверхупругие сплавы Ti–Zr–Nb для костных имплантатов с повышенной биосовместимостью, достигаемой плазменно-электролитическим оксидированием поверхности».</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Muthaiah V.M.S., Indrakumar S., Suwas S., Chatterjee K. Surface engineering of additively manufactured titanium alloys for enhanced clinical performance of biomedical implants: A review of recent developments. Bioprinting, 2022, vol. 25, article number e00180. DOI: 10.1016/j.bprint.2021.e00180.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Muthaiah V.M.S., Indrakumar S., Suwas S., Chatterjee K. Surface engineering of additively manufactured titanium alloys for enhanced clinical performance of biomedical implants: A review of recent developments // Bioprinting. 2022. Vol. 25. Article number e00180. DOI: 10.1016/j.bprint.2021.e00180.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B2"><label>2.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Shechtman S.R., Farrakhov R.G., Ramazanov I.A., Sheremetyev V.A., Parfenov E.V. Protective PEO-coatings on titanium shape memory alloy for medical implants. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 2020, vol. 1008, no. 1, article number 012016. DOI: 10.1088/1757-899X/1008/1/012016.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Shechtman S.R., Farrakhov R.G., Ramazanov I.A., Sheremetyev V.A., Parfenov E.V. Protective PEO-coatings on titanium shape memory alloy for medical implants // IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering. 2020. Vol. 1008. № 1. Article number 012016. DOI: 10.1088/1757-899X/1008/1/012016.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B3"><label>3.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Keegan G.M., Learmonth I.D., Case C.P. Orthopaedic metals and their potential toxicity in the arthroplasty patient. Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery - Series B, 2007, vol. 89, no. 5, pp. 567–573. DOI: 10.1302/0301-620X.89B5.18903.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Keegan G.M., Learmonth I.D., Case C.P. Orthopaedic metals and their potential toxicity in the arthroplasty patient // Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery - Series B. 2007. Vol. 89. № 5. P. 567–573. DOI: 10.1302/0301-620X.89B5.18903.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B4"><label>4.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Močnik P., Kosec T. A critical appraisal of the use and properties of nickel–titanium dental alloys. Materials, 2021, vol. 14, no. 24, article number 7859. DOI: 10.3390/ma14247859.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Močnik P., Kosec T. A critical appraisal of the use and properties of nickel–titanium dental alloys // Materials. 2021. Vol. 14. № 24. Article number 7859. DOI: 10.3390/ma14247859.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B5"><label>5.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Barilyuk D., Bazlov A., Arkharova N., Teplyakova T., Konopatsky A., Prokoshkin S. Novel Zr-Rich Alloys of Ternary Ti-Zr-Nb System with Large Superelastic Recovery Strain. Metals, 2022, vol. 12, no. 2, article number 185. DOI: 10.3390/met12020185.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Barilyuk D., Bazlov A., Arkharova N., Teplyakova T., Konopatsky A., Prokoshkin S. Novel Zr-Rich Alloys of Ternary Ti-Zr-Nb System with Large Superelastic Recovery Strain // Metals. 2022. Vol. 12. № 2. Article number 185. DOI: 10.3390/met12020185.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B6"><label>6.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bao X., Maimaitijuma T., Yu B., Li X., Xi G., Liu S., Cao Y., Zhang T. Ti-Zr-Nb based BCC solid solution alloy containing trace Cu and Ag with low modulus and excellent antibacterial properties. Materials Today Communications, 2022, vol. 31, article number 103180. DOI: 10.1016/j.mtcomm.2022.103180.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bao X., Maimaitijuma T., Yu B., Li X., Xi G., Liu S., Cao Y., Zhang T. Ti-Zr-Nb based BCC solid solution alloy containing trace Cu and Ag with low modulus and excellent antibacterial properties // Materials Today Communications. 2022. Vol. 31. Article number 103180. DOI: 10.1016/j.mtcomm.2022.103180.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B7"><label>7.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kim K.M., Al-Zain Y., Yamamoto A., Daher A.H., Mansour A.T., AlAjlouni J.M., Aloweidi A.S., Al-Abbadi M.A., Kim H.Y., Miyazaki S. Synthesis and characterization of a Ti–Zr-based alloy with ultralow Young’s modulus and excellent biocompatibility. Advanced Engineering Materials, 2022, vol. 24, no. 2, article number 2100776. DOI: 10.1002/adem.202100776.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kim K.M., Al-Zain Y., Yamamoto A., Daher A.H., Mansour A.T., AlAjlouni J.M., Aloweidi A.S., Al-Abbadi M.A., Kim H.Y., Miyazaki S. Synthesis and characterization of a Ti–Zr-based alloy with ultralow Young’s modulus and excellent biocompatibility // Advanced Engineering Materials. 2022. Vol. 24. № 2. Article number 2100776. DOI: 10.1002/adem.202100776.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B8"><label>8.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Konopatsky A., Sheremetyev V., Dubinskiy S., Zhukova Y., Firestein K., Golberg D., Filonov M., Prokoshkin S., Brailovski V. Structure and Superelasticity of Novel Zr-Rich Ti-Zr–Nb Shape Memory Alloys. Shape Memory and Superelasticity, 2021, vol. 7, no. 2, pp. 304–313. DOI: 10.1007/s40830-021-00322-5.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Konopatsky A., Sheremetyev V., Dubinskiy S., Zhukova Y., Firestein K., Golberg D., Filonov M., Prokoshkin S., Brailovski V. Structure and Superelasticity of Novel Zr-Rich Ti-Zr–Nb Shape Memory Alloys // Shape Memory and Superelasticity. 2021. Vol. 7. № 2. P. 304–313. DOI: 10.1007/s40830-021-00322-5.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B9"><label>9.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kaliaraj G.S., Siva T., Ramadoss A. Surface functionalized bioceramics coated on metallic implants for biomedical and anticorrosion performance - a review. Journal of Materials Chemistry B, 2021, vol. 9, no. 46, pp. 9433–9460. DOI: 10.1039/d1tb01301g.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kaliaraj G.S., Siva T., Ramadoss A. Surface functionalized bioceramics coated on metallic implants for biomedical and anticorrosion performance - a review // Journal of Materials Chemistry B. 2021. Vol. 9. № 46. P. 9433–9460. DOI: 10.1039/d1tb01301g.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B10"><label>10.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Xue T., Attarilar S., Liu S., Liu J., Song X., Li L., Zhao B., Tang Y. Surface modification techniques of titanium and its alloys to functionally optimize their biomedical properties: Thematic review. Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology, 2020, vol. 8, article number 603072. DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.603072.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Xue T., Attarilar S., Liu S., Liu J., Song X., Li L., Zhao B., Tang Y. Surface modification techniques of titanium and its alloys to functionally optimize their biomedical properties: Thematic review // Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology. 2020. Vol. 8. Article number 603072. DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.603072.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B11"><label>11.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rogov A.B., Huang Y., Shore D., Matthews A., Yerokhin A. Toward rational design of ceramic coatings generated on valve metals by plasma electrolytic oxidation: The role of cathodic polarization. Ceramics International, 2021, vol. 47, no. 24, pp. 34137–34158. DOI: 10.1016/j.ceramint.2021.08.324.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Rogov A.B., Huang Y., Shore D., Matthews A., Yerokhin A. Toward rational design of ceramic coatings generated on valve metals by plasma electrolytic oxidation: The role of cathodic polarization // Ceramics International. 2021. Vol. 47. № 24. P. 34137–34158. DOI: 10.1016/j.ceramint.2021.08.324.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B12"><label>12.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Fattah-alhosseini A., Molaei M., Nouri M., Babaei K. Antibacterial activity of bioceramic coatings on Mg and its alloys created by plasma electrolytic oxidation (PEO): A review. Journal of Magnesium and Alloys, 2022, vol. 10, no. 1, pp. 81–96. DOI: 10.1016/j.jma.2021.05.020.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Fattah-alhosseini A., Molaei M., Nouri M., Babaei K. Antibacterial activity of bioceramic coatings on Mg and its alloys created by plasma electrolytic oxidation (PEO): A review // Journal of Magnesium and Alloys. 2022. Vol. 10. № 1. P. 81–96. DOI: 10.1016/j.jma.2021.05.020.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B13"><label>13.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Caetano G.L., dos Santos Junior J., Pereira B.L., Benegra M. One-step plasma electrolytic oxidation in Ti-30Nb-8Zr, Ti, and Nb surfaces. Surface Engineering, 2021, vol. 37, no. 11, pp. 1467–1475. DOI: 10.1080/02670844.2021.1996843.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Caetano G.L., dos Santos Junior J., Pereira B.L., Benegra M. One-step plasma electrolytic oxidation in Ti-30Nb-8Zr, Ti, and Nb surfaces // Surface Engineering. 2021. Vol. 37. № 11. P. 1467–1475. DOI: 10.1080/02670844.2021.1996843.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B14"><label>14.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Parfenov E.V., Parfenova L.V., Dyakonov G.S., Danilko K.V., Mukaeva V.R., Farrakhov R.G., Lukina E.S., Valiev R.Z. Surface functionalization via PEO coating and RGD peptide for nanostructured titanium implants and their in vitro assessment. Surface and Coatings Technology, 2019, vol. 357, pp. 669–683. DOI: 10.1016/j.surfcoat.2018.10.068.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Parfenov E.V., Parfenova L.V., Dyakonov G.S., Danilko K.V., Mukaeva V.R., Farrakhov R.G., Lukina E.S., Valiev R.Z. Surface functionalization via PEO coating and RGD peptide for nanostructured titanium implants and their in vitro assessment // Surface and Coatings Technology. 2019. Vol. 357. P. 669–683. DOI: 10.1016/j.surfcoat.2018.10.068.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B15"><label>15.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Malayoğlu U., Tekin K.C., Malayoğlu U., Belevi M. Mechanical and electrochemical properties of PEO coatings on zirconium alloy. Surface Engineering, 2020, vol. 36, no. 8, pp. 800–808. DOI: 10.1080/02670844.2019.1706233.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Malayoğlu U., Tekin K.C., Malayoğlu U., Belevi M. Mechanical and electrochemical properties of PEO coatings on zirconium alloy // Surface Engineering. 2020. Vol. 36. № 8. P. 800–808. DOI: 10.1080/02670844.2019.1706233.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B16"><label>16.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Cengiz S., Gencer Y. The characterization of the oxide based coating synthesized on pure zirconium by plasma electrolytic oxidation. Surface and Coatings Technology, 2014, vol. 242, pp. 132–140. DOI: 10.1016/j.surfcoat.2014.01.032.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Cengiz S., Gencer Y. The characterization of the oxide based coating synthesized on pure zirconium by plasma electrolytic oxidation // Surface and Coatings Technology. 2014. Vol. 242. P. 132–140. DOI: 10.1016/j.surfcoat.2014.01.032.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B17"><label>17.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Xue W., Zhu Q., Jin Q., Hua M. Characterization of ceramic coatings fabricated on zirconium alloy by plasma electrolytic oxidation in silicate electrolyte. Materials Chemistry and Physics, 2014, vol. 120, no. 2-3, pp. 656–660. DOI: 10.1016/j.matchemphys.2009.12.012.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Xue W., Zhu Q., Jin Q., Hua M. Characterization of ceramic coatings fabricated on zirconium alloy by plasma electrolytic oxidation in silicate electrolyte // Materials Chemistry and Physics. 2014. Vol. 120. № 2-3. P. 656–660. DOI: 10.1016/j.matchemphys.2009.12.012.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B18"><label>18.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Babaei K., Fattah-alhosseini A., Chaharmahali R. A review on plasma electrolytic oxidation (PEO) of niobium: Mechanism, properties and applications. Surfaces and Interfaces, 2020, vol. 21, article number 100719. DOI: 10.1016/j.surfin.2020.100719.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Babaei K., Fattah-alhosseini A., Chaharmahali R. A review on plasma electrolytic oxidation (PEO) of niobium: Mechanism, properties and applications // Surfaces and Interfaces. 2020. Vol. 21. Article number 100719. DOI: 10.1016/j.surfin.2020.100719.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B19"><label>19.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Parfenov E.V., Farrakhov R.G., Mukaeva V.R., Gorbatkov M.V., Melemchuk I.A., Stotskiy A.G., Cherneykina Ya.V. Automated technological equipment for research into electrolytic plasma processes. Vestnik Ufimskogo gosudarstvennogo aviatsionnogo tekhnicheskogo universiteta, 2016, vol. 20, no. 4, pp. 23–31.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Парфенов Е.В., Фаррахов Р.Г., Мукаева В.Р., Горбатков М.В., Мелемчук И.А., Стоцкий А.Г., Чернейкина Я.В. Автоматизированная технологическая установка для исследования электролитно-плазменных процессов // Вестник Уфимского государственного авиационного технического университета. 2016. Т. 20. № 4. С. 23–31.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B20"><label>20.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kazek-Kęsik A., Pietryga K., Basiaga M., Blacha-Grzechnik A., Dercz G., Kalemba-Rec I., Pamuła E., Simka W. Lactoferrin and collagen type I as components of composite formed on titanium alloys for bone replacement. Surface and Coatings Technology, 2017, vol. 318, pp. 1–12. DOI: 10.1016/j.surfcoat.2017.08.022.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kazek-Kęsik A., Pietryga K., Basiaga M., Blacha-Grzechnik A., Dercz G., Kalemba-Rec I., Pamuła E., Simka W. Lactoferrin and collagen type I as components of composite formed on titanium alloys for bone replacement // Surface and Coatings Technology. 2017. Vol. 318. P. 1–12. DOI: 10.1016/j.surfcoat.2017.08.022.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B21"><label>21.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bandyopadhyay A., Espana F., Balla V.K., Bose S., Ohgami Y., Davies N.M. Influence of porosity on mechanical properties and in vivo response of Ti6Al4V implants. Acta Biomaterialia, 2010, vol. 6, no. 4, pp. 1640–1648. DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2009.11.011.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bandyopadhyay A., Espana F., Balla V.K., Bose S., Ohgami Y., Davies N.M. Influence of porosity on mechanical properties and in vivo response of Ti6Al4V implants // Acta Biomaterialia. 2010. Vol. 6. № 4. P. 1640–1648. DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2009.11.011.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B22"><label>22.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zheng J.-P., Chen L.-J., Chen D.-Y., Shao C.-S., Yi M.-F., Zhang B. Effects of pore size and porosity of surface-modified porous titanium implants on bone tissue ingrowth. Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China, 2019, vol. 29, no. 12, pp. 2534–2545. DOI: 10.1016/S1003-6326(19)65161-7.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zheng J.-P., Chen L.-J., Chen D.-Y., Shao C.-S., Yi M.-F., Zhang B. Effects of pore size and porosity of surface-modified porous titanium implants on bone tissue ingrowth // Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China. 2019. Vol. 29. № 12. P. 2534–2545. DOI: 10.1016/S1003-6326(19)65161-7.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B23"><label>23.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tanase C.E., Golozar M., Best S.M., Brooks R.A. Cell response to plasma electrolytic oxidation surface-modified low-modulus β-type titanium alloys. Colloids and Surfaces B: Biointerfaces, 2019, vol. 176, pp. 176–184. DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2018.12.064.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Tanase C.E., Golozar M., Best S.M., Brooks R.A. Cell response to plasma electrolytic oxidation surface-modified low-modulus β-type titanium alloys // Colloids and Surfaces B: Biointerfaces. 2019. Vol. 176. P. 176–184. DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2018.12.064.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B24"><label>24.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Shibata Y., Tanimoto Y. A review of improved fixation methods for dental implants. Part I: Surface optimization for rapid osseointegration. Journal of Prosthodontic Research, 2015, vol. 59, no. 1, pp. 20–33. DOI: 10.1016/j.jpor.2014.11.007.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Shibata Y., Tanimoto Y. A review of improved fixation methods for dental implants. Part I: Surface optimization for rapid osseointegration // Journal of Prosthodontic Research. 2015. Vol. 59. № 1. P. 20–33. DOI: 10.1016/j.jpor.2014.11.007.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B25"><label>25.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sowa M., Piotrowska M., Widziołek M., Dercz G., Tylko G., Gorewoda T., Osyczka A.M., Simka W. Bioactivity of coatings formed on Ti-13Nb-13Zr alloy using plasma electrolytic oxidation. Materials Science and Engineering C, 2015, vol. 49, pp. 159–173. DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2014.12.073.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sowa M., Piotrowska M., Widziołek M., Dercz G., Tylko G., Gorewoda T., Osyczka A.M., Simka W. Bioactivity of coatings formed on Ti-13Nb-13Zr alloy using plasma electrolytic oxidation // Materials Science and Engineering C. 2015. Vol. 49. P. 159–173. DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2014.12.073.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B26"><label>26.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Aubakirova V., Farrakhov R., Sharipov A., Polyakova V., Parfenova L., Parfenov E. Investigation of biocompatible PEO coating growth on cp-Ti with in situ spectroscopic methods. Materials, 2022, vol. 15, no. 1, article number 9. DOI: 10.3390/ma15010009.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Aubakirova V., Farrakhov R., Sharipov A., Polyakova V., Parfenova L., Parfenov E. Investigation of biocompatible PEO coating growth on cp-Ti with in situ spectroscopic methods // Materials. 2022. Vol. 15. № 1. Article number 9. DOI: 10.3390/ma15010009.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B27"><label>27.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Barsoukov E., Macdonald J.R. Impedance Spectroscopy: Theory, Experiment, and Applications. New Jersey, Chapel Hill Publ., 2005. 595 p. DOI: 10.1002/0471716243.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Barsoukov E., Macdonald J.R. Impedance Spectroscopy: Theory, Experiment, and Applications. New Jersey: Chapel Hill, 2005. 595 p. DOI: 10.1002/0471716243.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list></back></article>
