Frontier Materials & TechnologiesFrontier Materials & TechnologiesFrontier Materials & Technologies2782-40392782-6074Togliatti State University56110.18323/2782-4039-2022-3-2-7-15ArticlesСтатьиImpact strength of VT6 titanium alloy with the ultra-fine grain structure produced by the equal-channel angular pressing methodУдарная вязкость титанового сплава ВТ6 с ультрамелкозернистой структурой, полученной методом равноканального углового прессованияhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-7836-3990ModinaIuliia M.МодинаЮлия Михайловна
Russian Federation

PhD (Engineering), junior researcher

кандидат технических наук, младший научный сотрудник 

modina_yulia@mail.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0001-5389-5547DyakonovGrigory S.ДьяконовГригорий Сергеевич
Russian Federation

PhD (Engineering), researcher

кандидат технических наук, научный сотрудник 

dgr84@mail.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-2667-1115StotskiyAndrey G.СтоцкийАндрей Геннадиевич
Russian Federation

junior researcher

младший научный сотрудник 

stockii_andrei@mail.ruMiftakhovDanil T.МифтаховДанил Тимурович
Russian Federation

operator of electronic-computer and computing machines

оператор электронно-вычислительных и вычислительных машин

danil.miftahow@yandex.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-1857-9909SemenovaIrina P.СеменоваИрина Петровна
Russian Federation

Doctor of Sciences (Engineering), leading researcher

доктор технических наук, ведущий научный сотрудник

semenova-ip@mail.ruUfa State Aviation Technical University, UfaУфимский государственный авиационный технический университет, Уфа300920223-271530092022https://vektornaukitech.ru/jour/article/view/561

The wide use of two-phase titanium alloys in aircraft engine building, as well as the intense development of this industry, stipulate more and more stringent requirements to structural materials and the enhancement of their reliability, strength and performance characteristics. The formation of an ultrafine-grained (UFG) state in metals and alloys using severe plastic deformation (SPD) processing enables achieving high strength properties. However, an important aspect of UFG materials is their structural and textural effects which may lead to a strong anisotropy of their properties. In this respect, the authors studied the effect of microstructural features on the mechanical properties and impact toughness of the VT6 alloy after equal-channel angular pressing (ECAP) and subsequent deformation by upsetting, imitating die forging. The study showed that the formation of a UFG structure in the VT6 titanium alloy with a grain size of about 0.4 µm allows increasing the ultimate tensile strength up to 1250 MPa. The additional upsetting of the UFG alloy at T=750 °C leads to grain growth up to 0.5–1 µm and a decline in strength to 1090 MPa as a result of the recovery and recrystallization processes. Impact toughness tests were conducted on specimens with a V-shaped stress raiser at room temperature, showing that the impact toughness of the UFG VT6 alloy was 0.41 MJ/m2. The tests revealed the anisotropy of impact toughness in the UFG VT6 alloy after equal-channel angular pressing and additional upsetting due to the metallographic and crystallographic texture formed as the result of deformation treatment. In test direction No. 1, the impact toughness value is the lowest and equals 0.31 MJ/m2.

Широкое использование двухфазных титановых сплавов в авиадвигателестроении, а также стремительное развитие данной отрасли подразумевают всё более жесткие требования к конструкционным материалам и увеличению их надежности, прочностных и эксплуатационных свойств. Формирование ультрамелкозернистого (УМЗ) состояния в металлах и сплавах методами интенсивной пластической деформации (ИПД) позволяет достичь высоких прочностных показателей. Однако важным аспектом УМЗ материалов является их структурный и текстурный эффект, который может привести к сильной анизотропии их свойств. В связи с этим в работе исследовано влияние микроструктурных особенностей на механические свойства и ударную вязкость сплава ВТ6 после равноканального углового прессования (РКУП) и последующей деформации осадкой, имитирующей штамповку. Показано, что формирование УМЗ состояния в титановом сплаве ВТ6 с размером зерен около 0,4 мкм позволяет повысить предел прочности до 1250 МПа. Дополнительная осадка УМЗ сплава при Т=750 °С приводит к увеличению зерен до 0,5–1 мкм и снижению прочности до 1090 МПа в результате процессов возврата и рекристаллизации. Проведены испытания на ударную вязкость с концентратором V-типа при комнатной температуре, показано, что ударная вязкость УМЗ сплава ВТ6 составила 0,41 МДж/м2. Обнаружена анизотропия ударной вязкости в УМЗ сплаве ВТ6 после РКУП и дополнительной осадки ввиду металлографической и кристаллографической текстуры, сформированной в результате деформационной обработки. В направлении испытания № 1 значение ударной вязкости наименьшее и составляет 0,31 МДж/м2.

titanium alloysVT6severe plastic deformationultra-fine grain structuremetallographic and crystallographic deformation texturemechanical propertiesimpact toughnessтитановые сплавыВТ6интенсивная пластическая деформацияультрамелкозернистая структураметаллографическая и кристаллографическая текстура деформациимеханические свойстваударная вязкостьFine-structural investigations and impact strength tests were financially supported by the grant No. 21-79-10167 of the Russian Science Foundation. Mechanical tensile tests were covered by the science grant from the budget of the Republic of Bashkortostan for state support of young scientists (NOC-GMU-2021). The research part of the work was carried out on the equipment of the Core Facility Centre “Nanotech” of FSBEI HE USATU.Микроструктурные исследования и испытания на ударную вязкость выполнены за счет средств гранта Российского научного фонда № 21-79-10167. Механические испытания на растяжение выполнены за счет средств гранта в области науки из бюджета Республики Башкортостан для государственной поддержки молодых ученых (НОЦ-ГМУ-2021). Исследовательская часть работы выполнена с использованием оборудования ЦКП «Нанотех» ФГБОУ ВО «УГАТУ».Mao Q., Liu Y., Zhao Y. A review on mechanical properties and microstructure of ultrafine grained metals and alloys processed by rotary swaging. Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 2022, vol. 896, article number 163122. DOI: 10.1016/j.jallcom.2021.163122.Mao Q., Liu Y., Zhao Y. A review on mechanical properties and microstructure of ultrafine grained metals and alloys processed by rotary swaging // Journal of Alloys and Compounds. 2022. Vol. 896. Article number 163122. DOI: 10.1016/j.jallcom.2021.163122.Vinogradov A. Mechanical properties of ultrafine-grained metals: new challenges and perspectives. Advanced Engineering Materials, 2015, vol. 17, no. 12, pp. 1710–1722. DOI: 10.1002/adem.201500177.Vinogradov A. Mechanical properties of ultrafine-grained metals: new challenges and perspectives // Advanced Engineering Materials. 2015. Vol. 17. № 12. P. 1710–1722. DOI: 10.1002/adem.201500177.Estrin Y., Vinogradov A. Fatigue behaviour of light alloys with ultrafine grain structure produced by severe plastic deformation: An overview. International Journal of Fatigue, 2010, vol. 32, no. 6, pp. 898–907. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfatigue.2009.06.022.Estrin Y., Vinogradov A. Fatigue behaviour of light alloys with ultrafine grain structure produced by severe plastic deformation: An overview // International Journal of Fatigue. 2010. Vol. 32. № 6. P. 898–907. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfatigue.2009.06.022.Valiev R.Z. Nanostructuring of metals by severe plastic deformation for advanced properties. Nature Materials, 2004, vol. 3, no. 8, pp. 511–516. DOI: 10.1038/NMAT1180.Valiev R.Z. Nanostructuring of metals by severe plastic deformation for advanced properties // Nature Materials. 2004. Vol. 3. № 8. P. 511–516. DOI: 10.1038/NMAT1180.Meyers M.A., Mishra A., Benson D.J. Mechanical properties of nanocrystalline materials. Progress in Materials Science, 2006, vol. 51, no. 4, pp. 427–556. DOI: 10.1016/J.PMATSCI.2005.08.003.Meyers M.A., Mishra A., Benson D.J. Mechanical properties of nanocrystalline materials // Progress in Materials Science. 2006. Vol. 51. № 4. P. 427–556. DOI: 10.1016/J.PMATSCI.2005.08.003.Langdon T.G., Furukawa M., Horita Z., Nemoto M. Using intense plastic straining for high-strain-rate superplasticity. JOM, 1998, vol. 50, no. 6, pp. 41–45. DOI: 10.1007/S11837-998-0126-8.Langdon T.G., Furukawa M., Horita Z., Nemoto M. Using intense plastic straining for high-strain-rate superplasticity // JOM. 1998. Vol. 50. № 6. P. 41–45. DOI: 10.1007/S11837-998-0126-8.Zhao Y., Liu J., Topping T.D., Lavernia E.J. Precipitation and aging phenomena in an ultrafine grained Al-Zn alloy by severe plastic deformation. Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 2021, vol. 851, article number 156931. DOI: 10.1016/j.jallcom.2020.156931.Zhao Y., Liu J., Topping T.D., Lavernia E.J. Precipitation and aging phenomena in an ultrafine grained Al-Zn alloy by severe plastic deformation // Journal of Alloys and Compounds. 2021. Vol. 851. Article number 156931. DOI: 10.1016/j.jallcom.2020.156931.Valiev R.Z., Zhilyaev A.P., Lengdon T.Dzh. Obemnye nanostrukturnye materialy: fundamentalnye osnovy i primeneniya [Bulk nanostructured materials: fundamentals and applications]. Sankt Petersburg, Eko-Vektor Publ., 2017. 479 p.Валиев Р.З., Жиляев А.П., Лэнгдон T.Дж. Объемные наноструктурные материалы: фундаментальные основы и применения. СПб.: Эко-Вектор, 2017. 479 с.Edalati K., Bachmaier A., Beloshenko V.A., Beygelzimer Y., Blank V.D., Botta W.J., Bryla K., Cizek J., Divinski S., Enikeev N.A., Estrin Y., Faraji G. Nanomaterials by severe plastic deformation: review of historical developments and recent advances. Materials Research Letters, 2022, vol. 10, no. 4, pp. 163–256. DOI: 10.1080/21663831.2022.2029779.Edalati K., Bachmaier A., Beloshenko V.A., Beygelzimer Y., Blank V.D., Botta W.J., Bryla K., Cizek J., Divinski S., Enikeev N.A., Estrin Y., Faraji G. Nanomaterials by severe plastic deformation: review of historical developments and recent advances // Materials Research Letters. 2022. Vol. 10. № 4. P. 163–256. DOI: 10.1080/21663831.2022.2029779.Suwas S., Ray R.K. Crystallographic texture of materials. London, Springer London Publ., 2014. 260 p.Suwas S., Ray R.K. Crystallographic texture of materials. London: Springer London, 2014. 260 p.Sitdikov V.D., Alexandrov I.V., Ganiev M.M., Fakhretdinova E.I., Raab G.I. Effect of temperature on the evolution of structure, crystallographic texture and the anisotropy of strength properties in the Ti Grade 4 alloy during continuous ECAP. Reviews on Advanced Materials Science, 2015, vol. 41, no. 1, pp. 44–51.Sitdikov V.D., Alexandrov I.V., Ganiev M.M., Fakhretdinova E.I., Raab G.I. Effect of temperature on the evolution of structure, crystallographic texture and the anisotropy of strength properties in the Ti Grade 4 alloy during continuous ECAP // Reviews on Advanced Materials Science. 2015. Vol. 41. № 1. P. 44–51.Wagner F., Ouarem A., Richeton T., Toth L.S. Improving Mechanical Properties of cp Titanium by Heat Treatment Optimization. Advanced Engineering Materials, 2018, vol. 20, no. 4, article number 1700237. DOI: 10.1002/adem.201700237.Wagner F., Ouarem A., Richeton T., Toth L.S. Improving Mechanical Properties of cp Titanium by Heat Treatment Optimization // Advanced Engineering Materials. 2018. Vol. 20. № 4. Article number 1700237. DOI: 10.1002/adem.201700237.Richeton T., Wagner F., Chen C., Toth L.S. Combined effects of texture and grain size distribution on the tensile behavior of α-titanium. Materials, 2018, vol. 11, no. 7, article number 1088. DOI: 10.3390/ma11071088.Richeton T., Wagner F., Chen C., Toth L.S. Combined effects of texture and grain size distribution on the tensile behavior of α-titanium // Materials. 2018. Vol. 11. № 7. Article number 1088. DOI: 10.3390/ma11071088.Boyer R., Welsch G., Collings E.W. Materials Properties Handbook: Titanium Alloys. USA, ASM International Publ., 1998. 1048 p.Boyer R., Welsch G., Collings E.W. Materials Properties Handbook: Titanium Alloys. USA: ASM International, 1998. 1048 p.Moiseyev V.N. Titanium alloys in Russia: Russian Aircraft and Aerospace Applications. Boca Raton, CRC Press Publ., 2005. 216 p.Moiseyev V.N. Titanium alloys in Russia: Russian Aircraft and Aerospace Applications. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2005. 216 p.Ermachenko A.G., Lutfullin R.Ya., Mulyukov R.R. Advanced Technologies of Processing Titanium Alloys and Their Applications in Industry. Reviews on Advanced Materials Science, 2011, vol. 29, no. 1, pp. 68–82.Ermachenko A.G., Lutfullin R.Ya., Mulyukov R.R. Advanced Technologies of Processing Titanium Alloys and Their Applications in Industry // Reviews on Advanced Materials Science. 2011. Vol. 29. № 1. P. 68–82.Semenova I.P., Dyakonov G.S., Raab G.I., Grishina Y.F., Huang Y., Langdon T.G. Features of Duplex Microstructural Evolution and Mechanical Behavior in the Titanium Alloy Processed by Equal-Channel Angular Pressing. Advanced Engineering Materials, 2018, vol. 20, no. 8, article number 1700813. DOI: 10.1002/adem.201700813.Semenova I.P., Dyakonov G.S., Raab G.I., Grishina Y.F., Huang Y., Langdon T.G. Features of Duplex Microstructural Evolution and Mechanical Behavior in the Titanium Alloy Processed by Equal-Channel Angular Pressing // Advanced Engineering Materials. 2018. Vol. 20. № 8. Article number 1700813. DOI: 10.1002/adem.201700813.Zherebtsov S.V., Kudryavtsev E.A., Salishchev G.A., Straumal B.B., Semiatin S.L. Microstructure evolution and mechanical behavior of ultrafine Ti-6Al-4V during low temperature superplastic deformation. Acta Materialia, 2016, vol. 121, pp. 152–163. DOI: 10.1016/J.ACTAMAT.2016.09.003.Zherebtsov S.V., Kudryavtsev E.A., Salishchev G.A., Straumal B.B., Semiatin S.L. Microstructure evolution and mechanical behavior of ultrafine Ti-6Al-4V during low temperature superplastic deformation // Acta Materialia. 2016. Vol. 121. P. 152–163. DOI: 10.1016/J.ACTAMAT.2016.09.003.Dyakonov G.S., Semenova I.P., Lopatin N.V., Grishina Y.F., Melemchuk I.A. Microstructure evolution of titanium alloy VT8М-1 with globular-lamellar structure during deformation in temperature range of 650–800° С. Inorganic Materials: Applied Research, 2017, vol. 8, no. 1, pp. 1–6. DOI: 10.1134/S2075113317010129.Dyakonov G.S., Semenova I.P., Lopatin N.V., Grishina Y.F., Melemchuk I.A. Microstructure evolution of titanium alloy VT8М-1 with globular-lamellar structure during deformation in temperature range of 650–800° С // Inorganic Materials: Applied Research. 2017. Vol. 8. № 1. P. 1–6. DOI: 10.1134/S2075113317010129.Zherebtsov S.V., Kudryavtsev E., Kostjuchenko S., Malysheva S., Salishchev G. Strength and ductility-related properties of ultrafine grained two-phase titanium alloy produced by warm multiaxial forging. Materials Science and Engineering A, 2012, vol. 536, pp. 190–196. DOI: 10.1016/J.MSEA.2011.12.102.Zherebtsov S.V., Kudryavtsev E., Kostjuchenko S., Malysheva S., Salishchev G. Strength and ductility-related properties of ultrafine grained two-phase titanium alloy produced by warm multiaxial forging // Materials Science and Engineering A. 2012. Vol. 536. P. 190–196. DOI: 10.1016/J.MSEA.2011.12.102.