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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="other" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Frontier Materials &amp; Technologies</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Frontier Materials &amp; Technologies</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Frontier Materials &amp; Technologies</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2782-4039</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2782-6074</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Togliatti State University</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">425</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.18323/2782-4039-2022-2-54-62</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Articles</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Статьи</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject></subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Metallographic examination as the feedback between product quality and manufacturing</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Металлографическая экспертиза как обратная связь между качеством и производством продукции</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5006-4115</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Merson</surname><given-names>Dmitry L.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Мерсон</surname><given-names>Дмитрий Львович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Doctor of Sciences (Physics and Mathematics), Professor, Director of the Research Institute of Advanced Technologies</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>доктор физико-математических наук, профессор, директор НИИ прогрессивных технологий</p></bio><email>d.merson@tltsu.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9192-525X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Karavanova</surname><given-names>Anastasiya A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Караванова</surname><given-names>Анастасия Анатольевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD (Engineering), Deputy Director of the Research Institute of Advanced Technologies</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>кандидат технических наук, заместитель директора НИИ прогрессивных технологий</p></bio><email>akaravanova@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3313-2398</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Klimanov</surname><given-names>Aleksey V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Климанов</surname><given-names>Алексей Владимирович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>graduate student of Chair “Nanotechnologies, Materials Science and Mechanics”</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>магистрант кафедры «Нанотехнологии, материаловедение и механика»</p></bio><email>akaravanova@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Togliatti State University, Togliatti</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Тольяттинский государственный университет, Тольятти</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2022-06-30" publication-format="electronic"><day>30</day><month>06</month><year>2022</year></pub-date><issue>2</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>54</fpage><lpage>62</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2022-06-30"><day>30</day><month>06</month><year>2022</year></date></history><permissions><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://vektornaukitech.ru/jour/article/view/425">https://vektornaukitech.ru/jour/article/view/425</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Despite the increasing automation of the process of designing and manufacturing metal products, their failure remains a common phenomenon. The metallographic examination is appointed, which can only be carried out at a proper level by the specialized accredited organizations to identify the causes of such incidents. A metallographic examination is a tool that acts as feedback between the output quality of products and the entire chain of numerous operations during production. The purpose of this work is, using a practical example, to demonstrate the possibility and special significance of the conclusions of the metallographic examination for the development of the product manufacturing technology. Using the high-speed plasma spraying method, the authors applied the NiCrBSi coating to the surface of the locomotive wheel pair axle to increase its wear resistance. The life bench tests of the axle revealed the main fatigue crack, the tests were stopped, and the axle was artificially broken completely. The analysis of metal quality, including chemical composition, mechanical properties (strength, ductility, and impact hardness), microstructure, metal purity according to the non-metallic inclusions, and parameters of a surface layer hardened by rolling, showed its full compliance with the regulatory documentation. The thickness and hardness parameters of the NiCrBSi coating also corresponded to the declared ones. According to the fractographic analysis, the fatigue fracture was initiated at multiple points, which was a characteristic sign of a common objective reason for the insufficient strength of a product not associated with some random factor. The metallographic examination identified that the main reason for the failure of a wheelset axle is the coating’s insufficient fatigue strength. The numerous fatigue microcracks that originated in the coating grew into the base metal and led to the fatigue macrocracks formation at different height levels. The merging of these cracks led to widespread fatigue fracture surface formation.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Несмотря на все большую автоматизацию процесса проектирования и производства металлических изделий, выход последних из строя остается достаточно распространенным явлением. Для выяснения причин подобных инцидентов назначают металлографическую экспертизу, проводить которую на должном уровне могут только специализированные аккредитованные организации. Металлографическая экспертиза – это инструмент, выполняющий роль обратной связи между качеством изделий на выходе и всей цепочкой многочисленных операций на пути их создания. Цель настоящей работы состоит в демонстрации на практическом примере возможности и особой значимости выводов металлографической экспертизы для отработки технологии изготовления изделий. На поверхность оси колесной пары локомотива для повышения ее износостойкости методом высокоскоростного плазменного напыления было нанесено покрытие NiCrBSi. Во время проведения ресурсных стендовых испытаний оси в ней была обнаружена магистральная усталостная трещина, испытания остановлены, а ось искусственно доломана. Проведенный анализ качества металла (химического состава, механических свойств (прочностных, пластических, ударной вязкости), микроструктуры, чистоты металла по неметаллическим включениям и параметров поверхностного слоя, упрочненного накатыванием роликом) показал его полное соответствие нормативной документации. Параметры покрытия NiCrBSi по толщине и твердости также соответствовали заявленным в технологии значениям. Согласно фрактографическому анализу излома зарождение усталостного разрушения происходило по многоочаговому механизму, что является характерным признаком наличия общей объективной причины недостаточной прочности изделия, не связанной с каким-либо случайным фактором. В результате проведенной металлографической экспертизы установлено, что основной причиной разрушения оси колесной пары является недостаточная усталостная прочность покрытия. Зародившиеся в нем многочисленные усталостные микротрещины проросли в основной металл и привели к образованию усталостных макротрещин на разных уровнях, слияние которых привело к формированию обширной многоочаговой поверхности усталостного разрушения.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>metallographic examination</kwd><kwd>testing</kwd><kwd>high-speed plasma spraying</kwd><kwd>structure</kwd><kwd>fatigue cracks</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>металлографическая экспертиза</kwd><kwd>испытания</kwd><kwd>высокоскоростное плазменное напыление</kwd><kwd>структура</kwd><kwd>усталостные трещины</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Buechler T., Schumacher F., Reimann P., Zaeh M.F. Methodology for an automatic and early manufacturing technology selection on a component level. Production Engineering, 2022, vol. 16, no. 1, pp. 23–41. 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