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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="other" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Frontier Materials &amp; Technologies</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Frontier Materials &amp; Technologies</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Frontier Materials &amp; Technologies</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2782-4039</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2782-6074</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Togliatti State University</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">424</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.18323/2782-4039-2022-2-37-53</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Articles</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Статьи</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject></subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Nucleation and growth of fullerenes and nanotubes having three-fold T-symmetry</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Образование и рост фуллеренов и нанотрубок, имеющих Т-симметрию третьего порядка</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Melker</surname><given-names>Alexander I.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Мелькер</surname><given-names>Александр Иосифович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Doctor of Sciences (Physics and Mathematics), Professor, professor of St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences on Strength Problems</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>доктор физико-математических наук, профессор, профессор Санкт-Петербургской Академии наук проблем прочности</p></bio><email>matvienko_an@spbstu.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8504-9302</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Krupina</surname><given-names>Maria A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Крупина</surname><given-names>Мария Алексеевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD (Physics and Mathematics), assistant professor of Department of Experimental Physics</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>кандидат физико-математических наук, доцент кафедры экспериментальной физики</p></bio><email>ndtcs@inbox.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3012-1407</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Matvienko</surname><given-names>Aleksandra N.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Матвиенко</surname><given-names>Александра Николаевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>engineer of Department of Mechanics and Control Processes</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>инженер Высшей школы механики и процессов управления</p></bio><email>ndtcs@inbox.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University, St. Petersburg</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Санкт-Петербургский политехнический университет Петра Великого, Санкт-Петербург</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2022-06-30" publication-format="electronic"><day>30</day><month>06</month><year>2022</year></pub-date><issue>2</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>37</fpage><lpage>53</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2022-06-30"><day>30</day><month>06</month><year>2022</year></date></history><permissions><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://vektornaukitech.ru/jour/article/view/424">https://vektornaukitech.ru/jour/article/view/424</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>According to the periodic system of fullerenes, all the fullerenes can be classified into the groups having different symmetry. It is supposed that the fullerenes of one and the same symmetry have similar properties. Before the appearance of the periodic system in 2017 the fullerenes were chosen for study at a random way that instead of ordering the results only increased information entropy. We have studied possible ways of generation and growing the fullerenes, which refer to the group having three-fold T-symmetry. Beginning with cyclopropane C<sub>3</sub>H<sub>6</sub> producing clusters C<sub>6</sub>, we have obtained elementary fullerenes C<sub>6</sub> as well as mini-fullerenes C<sub>12</sub>, which in their turn have produced the fullerenes from C<sub>18</sub> to C<sub>48</sub>, perfect and imperfect, as well as nanotubes. The basic perfect fullerenes C<sub>18</sub>, C<sub>24</sub>, C<sub>30</sub>, C<sub>36</sub>, C<sub>42</sub> and C<sub>48</sub> have the ordinary three-fold symmetry, the intermediate ones having no such symmetry. Their imperfection is connected with extra ‘interstitial’ or carbon dimers, the dimers playing the role of defects. One can define the imperfect fullerenes with defects as the fullerenes having topological three-fold symmetry. We have calculated their shape and energies using Avogadro package and discussed possible reasons of their dependence on a fullerene size and shape. We have found that the fullerenes can be divided into two groups, alive that can grow, and dead which are impotent. Taking into account the results obtained early, allows us to make predictions that the dead fullerenes C<sub>24R</sub>, C<sub>32R</sub>, C<sub>40R</sub> and C<sub>48R</sub> of three-, four-, five- and six-fold symmetry have the most chance to be found experimentally with comparison of their isomers.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>В соответствии с периодической системой фуллеренов все фуллерены можно классифицировать по группам, имеющим разную симметрию. Есть основания полагать, что фуллерены с одним и тем же типом симметрии имеют схожие свойства. До возникновения периодической системы в 2017 году фуллерены для изучения выбирались случайным образом, что вместо упорядочения результатов только увеличивало энтропию информации. Мы изучили возможные способы создания и выращивания фуллеренов, относящихся к группе фуллеренов, имеющих трехступенчатую Т-симметрию. Начиная с кластеров C<sub>6</sub>, образующих циклопропан C<sub>3</sub>H<sub>6</sub>, мы получили элементарные фуллерены C<sub>6</sub>, а также мини-фуллерены C<sub>12</sub>, которые, в свою очередь, образовали фуллерены от C<sub>18</sub> до C<sub>48</sub>, идеальные и неидеальные, а также нанотрубки. Основные идеальные (совершенные) фуллерены C<sub>18</sub>, C<sub>24</sub>, C<sub>30</sub>, C<sub>36</sub>, C<sub>42</sub> и C<sub>48 </sub>имели обычную симметрию третьего порядка, промежуточные фуллерены не имели такой симметрии. Их несовершенность связана с дополнительными «внедренными», или углеродными, димерами, играющими роль дефектов. Можно описать неидеальные (несовершенные) фуллерены с дефектами как фуллерены, имеющие топологическую симметрию третьего порядка. Используя редактор Авогадро, мы рассчитали их форму и энергии и обсудили возможные причины их зависимости от размера и формы фуллерена. Установлено, что фуллерены можно разделить на две группы: живые и способные расти и мертвые, неактивные. Учитывая полученные ранее результаты, можно предположить, что мертвые фуллерены C<sub>24R</sub>, C<sub>32</sub><sub>R</sub>, C<sub>40</sub><sub>R</sub> и C<sub>48</sub><sub>R</sub> с симметриями третьего, четвертого, пятого и шестого порядка имеют больше шансов быть обнаруженными экспериментально по сравнению с их изомерами.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>carbon</kwd><kwd>embedding</kwd><kwd>energy</kwd><kwd>fullerene</kwd><kwd>fusion reaction</kwd><kwd>graph representation</kwd><kwd>growth</kwd><kwd>nanotube</kwd><kwd>periodic system</kwd><kwd>single and double bond</kwd><kwd>topological symmetry</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>углерод</kwd><kwd>внедрение</kwd><kwd>энергия</kwd><kwd>фуллерен</kwd><kwd>реакция синтеза</kwd><kwd>графическое представление</kwd><kwd>рост</kwd><kwd>нанотрубка</kwd><kwd>периодическая система</kwd><kwd>одинарная и двойная связь</kwd><kwd>топологическая симметрия</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="en">The paper was written on the reports of the participants of the X International School of Physical Materials Science (SPM-2021), Togliatti, September 13–17, 2021.</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Статья подготовлена по материалам докладов участников X Международной школы «Физическое материаловедение» (ШФМ-2021), Тольятти, 13–17 сентября 2021 года.</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Melker A.I., Krupina M.A. Geometric modeling of midi-fullerene growth from C32 to C60. 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