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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="other" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Frontier Materials &amp; Technologies</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Frontier Materials &amp; Technologies</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Frontier Materials &amp; Technologies</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2782-4039</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2782-6074</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Togliatti State University</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">265</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.18323/2782-4039-2022-1-49-60</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Articles</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Статьи</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject></subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">The comparison of the main time-frequency transformations of spectral analysis of acoustic emission signals</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Сравнение основных частотно-временных преобразований спектрального анализа сигналов акустической эмиссии</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7634-2328</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Rastegaeva</surname><given-names>Inna I.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Растегаева</surname><given-names>Инна Ивановна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>senior lecturer of Chair “Nanotechnologies, Materials Science, and Mechanics”</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>старший преподаватель кафедры «Нанотехнологии, материаловедение и механика»</p></bio><email>I.Rastegaeva@tltsu.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3807-8105</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Rastegaev</surname><given-names>Igor A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Растегаев</surname><given-names>Игорь Анатольевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD (Physics and Mathematics), senior researcher of the Research Unit-2 of the Research Institute of Advanced Technologies</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>кандидат физико-математических наук, старший научный сотрудник НИО-2 НИИ прогрессивных технологий</p></bio><email>RastIgAev@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6956-941X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Agletdinov</surname><given-names>Einar A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Аглетдинов</surname><given-names>Эйнар Альбертович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD (Physics and Mathematics), junior researcher of the Research Unit-2 of the Research Institute of Advanced Technologies</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>кандидат физико-математических наук, младший научный сотрудник НИО-2 НИИ прогрессивных технологий</p></bio><email>aeinar7@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5006-4115</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Merson</surname><given-names>Dmitry L.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Мерсон</surname><given-names>Дмитрий Львович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Doctor of Sciences (Physics and Mathematics), Professor, Director of the Research Institute of Advanced Technologies</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>доктор физико-математических наук, профессор, директор НИИ прогрессивных технологий</p></bio><email>D.Merson@tltsu.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Togliatti State University, Togliatti</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Тольяттинский государственный университет, Тольятти</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2022-03-31" publication-format="electronic"><day>31</day><month>03</month><year>2022</year></pub-date><issue>1</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>49</fpage><lpage>60</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2021-12-28"><day>28</day><month>12</month><year>2021</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2022-03-31"><day>31</day><month>03</month><year>2022</year></date></history><permissions><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://vektornaukitech.ru/jour/article/view/265">https://vektornaukitech.ru/jour/article/view/265</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Due to the intensive development of spectroscopic techniques for detecting acoustic emission signals, the problem of providing the best time-frequency resolution through the application of specific time-frequency transformation algorithms comes to the fore. The Short-Time Fourier Transform, the Wavelet Transform, the Smoothed Pseudo Wigner Distribution, the Choi-Williams Distribution, and the Hilbert-Huang Transform are currently the main time-frequency transformations used or integrated into the acoustic emission method. However, today in the literature, there is not enough information that allows evaluating time-frequency transformations regarding the effectiveness of their application to specify the features of discrete and continuous acoustic emission signals. On this basis, the authors carried out an experimental comparison of synthetic and actual model signals to determine the efficiency of specified time-frequency transformations. The synthetic model signals were a chirp signal, ideal sinusoids, and a Dirac delta function. The actual signals were a discrete acoustic emission signal from the Hsu Nelson source decomposed into dispersion modes in the acoustic channel and a continuous acoustic emission signal from the air outflow through a calibrated hole. The analysis shows that only the Fourier transform and the Wavelet transform can define all control features of model signals at the frequency components’ energy gap of about 25 dB. Wigner Distribution, Choi-Williams Distribution, and Hilbert-Huang Transform demonstrated higher time-frequency resolution did not identify frequency components of low energy. Therefore, the authors recommend using them to identify spectral changes in the resonance and discrete signals but in the narrow energy range. The Fourier transform and the Wavelet transform demonstrated the best result to analyze continuous acoustic emission. However, to use the latter, the procedure of selection of the optimal basis function is necessary. The study determined that the Hilbert-Huang transform allows identifying the frequency fluctuations, but it is necessary to develop ways to increase sensitivity and extract basic information from the spectrograms to enhance the validity of its results.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>В связи с интенсивным развитием спектральных методов анализа акустической эмиссии на передний план выходит проблема обеспечения наилучшего частотного и временного разрешения путем применения определенных алгоритмов частотно-временного преобразования. Основными использующимися или интегрируемыми в метод акустической эмиссии частотно-временными преобразованиями сегодня являются: оконное преобразование Фурье, вейвлет-преобразование, псевдопреобразование Вигнера – Вилля, преобразование Чои – Вильямса и псевдопреобразование Гильберта – Хуанга. Однако в литературных источниках недостаточно информации, позволяющей оценить эффективность их применения для выделения особенностей сигналов акустической эмиссии дискретного и непрерывного вида. Исходя из этого, на синтетических и реальных модельных сигналах проведен экспериментальный сравнительный анализ работоспособности обозначенных частотно-временных преобразований. Первые модельные сигналы представляли собой chirp-сигнал, идеальные синусоиды и дельта-функцию Дирака, а вторые – дискретный сигнал акустической эмиссии от источника Су-Нильсена, разложенный в акустическом канале на дисперсионные моды, и непрерывный акустический сигнал от истечения воздуха через калиброванное отверстие. Показано, что при перепаде энергии частотных составляющих порядка 25 дБ установить все контрольные особенности модельных сигналов оказались способны только преобразование Фурье и вейвлет-преобразование. Преобразования Вигнера – Вилля, Чои – Вильямса и Гильберта – Хуанга, показавшие более высокое частотно-временное разрешение, не выявили частотные составляющие низкой энергии. Поэтому их можно рекомендовать для обнаружения спектральных изменений в резонансных и дискретных сигналах, но в узком энергетическом диапазоне. Для анализа непрерывной акустической эмиссии наилучший результат продемонстрировали преобразование Фурье и вейвлет-преобразование. Однако для применения последнего требуется процедура выбора оптимальной базисной функции. Установлено, что преобразование Гильберта – Хуанга позволяет выделять флуктуации частоты, но для повышения достоверности его результатов требуется проработка способов повышения чувствительности и выделения основной информации из спектрограмм.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>spectral analysis</kwd><kwd>Fourier transform</kwd><kwd>wavelet transform</kwd><kwd>Wigner Distribution</kwd><kwd>Choi-Williams Distribution</kwd><kwd>Hilbert-Huang Transform</kwd><kwd>acoustic emission</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>спектральный анализ</kwd><kwd>преобразование Фурье</kwd><kwd>вейвлет-преобразование</kwd><kwd>преобразование Вигнера – Вилля</kwd><kwd>преобразование Чои – Вильямса</kwd><kwd>преобразование Гильберта – Хуанга</kwd><kwd>акустическая эмиссия</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Caesarendra W., Tjahjowidodo T. 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