<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE root>
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="other" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Frontier Materials &amp; Technologies</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Frontier Materials &amp; Technologies</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Frontier Materials &amp; Technologies</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2782-4039</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2782-6074</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Togliatti State University</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">149</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.18323/2073-5073-2021-3-7-18</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Articles</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Статьи</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject></subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">The influence of postweld tempering on mechanical behavior of friction welded joints of 32G2 and 40HN steels under high-cycle fatigue</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Влияние послесварочного отпуска на механическое поведение фрикционных сварных соединений сталей 32Г2 и 40ХН в условиях многоцикловой усталости</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3727-8738</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Atamashkin</surname><given-names>Artem S.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Атамашкин</surname><given-names>Артем Сергеевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>postgraduate student</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>аспирант</p></bio><email>atamashkin2017@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4571-2410</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Priymak</surname><given-names>Elena Yu.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Приймак</surname><given-names>Елена Юрьевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD (Engineering), assistant professor of Chair of Materials Science and Materials Technology, Head of the Laboratory of General Metallurgy and Thermal Treatment</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>кандидат технических наук, доцент кафедры материаловедения и технологии материалов, заведующий лабораторией металловедения и термической обработки</p></bio><email>elena-pijjmak@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Orenburg State University, Orenburg (Russia)</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Оренбургский государственный университет, Оренбург (Россия)</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">ZBO Drill Industries, Inc., Orenburg (Russia)</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">АО «Завод бурового оборудования», Оренбург (Россия)</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2021-09-30" publication-format="electronic"><day>30</day><month>09</month><year>2021</year></pub-date><issue>3</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>7</fpage><lpage>18</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2021-09-30"><day>30</day><month>09</month><year>2021</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2021-09-30"><day>30</day><month>09</month><year>2021</year></date></history><permissions><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://vektornaukitech.ru/jour/article/view/149">https://vektornaukitech.ru/jour/article/view/149</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>At modern mechanical facilities, the friction-welded joints are getting widespread as the most advanced production technique characterized by high efficiency, processability, cost-effectiveness, and safety. Moreover, it allows producing high-quality joints of a large number of different analogous and opposite metals and alloys. Despite all these advantages, one should consider that metal, in the process of welded joint formation, suffers a local thermo-deformational effect, which causes the gradient nature of the structure and residual strains of a welded joint. These factors directly influence the structure’s working ability and durability under fatigue loads, which are the most common cause for parts failure. The paper contains the assessment of the post-weld tempering influence on the cyclic life of welded joints of 32G2 and 40HN steels produced using the rotational friction welding technique. The authors tested laboratory specimens with welded joints under the high-cycle fatigue using the simulation machine with the two-point fastening of a revolving specimen under the action of even twisting moment. The study involved the statistical processing of the obtained results of cyclic life. Based on the metallographic analysis, the authors identified the weak points in welded points where the fatigue cracks initiation and progress occurred in the initial state and after tempering. The paper presents the fractographs illustrating the fracture mechanism of specimens under the study. The authors identified the influence of different tempering temperature modes on the cyclic life of the studied welded joints and the nature of their fracture. The study shows that tempering at the temperature over 400 °C promotes fracture acceleration under the effect of fatigue loads due to the development of return and polygonization processes in the vulnerable area of the thermomechanical action zone.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>На современных машиностроительных производствах все большее распространение получает соединение деталей посредством сварки трением как наиболее передовой производственный способ, отличающийся высокой производительностью, технологичностью, экономичностью и безопасностью и вместе с тем позволяющий получать высококачественные соединения из большого числа различных одноименных и разноименных металлов и сплавов. Несмотря на все эти преимущества, следует учитывать, что металл в процессе образования сварного соединения испытывает локальное термодеформационное воздействие, ввиду чего сварному соединению присущ градиентный характер структуры и остаточных напряжений. Эти факторы оказывают непосредственное влияние на работоспособность и живучесть конструкции в условиях действия усталостных нагрузок, являющихся наиболее частой причиной разрушения деталей. В работе приведена оценка влияния послесварочного отпуска на циклическую долговечность сварных соединений сталей 32Г2 и 40ХН, выполненных способом ротационной сварки трением. Проведены испытания лабораторных образцов со сварным соединением в условиях многоцикловой усталости на испытательной машине типа НУ с двухопорным креплением вращающегося образца при действии постоянного крутящего момента. Выполнена статическая обработка полученных результатов циклической долговечности. На основании металлографического анализа выявлены уязвимые места в сварных соединениях, в которых произошло зарождение и развитие трещин усталости в исходном состоянии и после отпуска. Приведены фрактограммы, иллюстрирующие механизм разрушения исследуемых образцов. Установлено влияние различных температурных режимов отпуска на циклическую долговечность исследуемых сварных соединений и характер их разрушения. Показано, что отпуск при температуре свыше 400 °С способствует ускорению разрушения в условиях воздействия усталостных нагрузок в связи с развитием процессов возврата и полигонизации в уязвимом участке зоны термомеханического влияния.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>rotational friction welding (RFW)</kwd><kwd>welded joint</kwd><kwd>high-cycle fatigue</kwd><kwd>cyclic life</kwd><kwd>thermomechanical effect zone (TMEZ)</kwd><kwd>fracture mechanism</kwd><kwd>32G2</kwd><kwd>40HN</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>ротационная сварка трением (РСТ)</kwd><kwd>сварное соединение</kwd><kwd>многоцикловая усталость</kwd><kwd>циклическая долговечность</kwd><kwd>зона термомеханического влияния (ЗТМВ)</kwd><kwd>механизм разрушения</kwd><kwd>32Г2</kwd><kwd>40ХН</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="en">The reported study was funded by RFBR, project number 19-38-90079</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Исследование выполнено при финансовой поддержке РФФИ в рамках научного проекта № 19-38-90079</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">McPherson N.A., Galloway A.M., Cater S.R., Hambling S.J. Friction stir welding of thin DH36 steel plate. Science and Technology of Welding and Joining, 2013, vol. 18, no. 5, pp. 441–450.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">McPherson N.A., Galloway A.M., Cater S.R., Hambling S.J. Friction stir welding of thin DH36 steel plate // Science and Technology of Welding and Joining. 2013. Vol. 18. № 5. P. 441–450.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B2"><label>2.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Baillie P., Campbell S., Galloway A., Cater S., McPherson N. A Comparison of Double Sided Friction Stir Welding in Air and Underwater for 6mm S275 Steel Plate. International Journal of Chemical, Molecular, Nuclear, Materials and Metallurgical Engineering, 2014, vol. 8, pp. 651–655.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Baillie P., Campbell S., Galloway A., Cater S., McPherson N. A Comparison of Double Sided Friction Stir Welding in Air and Underwater for 6mm S275 Steel Plate // International Journal of Chemical, Molecular, Nuclear, Materials and Metallurgical Engineering. 2014. Vol. 8. P. 651–655.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B3"><label>3.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ericsson M., Sandstrom R. Influence of welding speed on the fatigue of friction stir welds, and comparison with MIG and TIG. International Journal of Fatigue, 2003, vol. 25, no. 12, pp. 1379–1387.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ericsson M., Sandstrom R. Influence of welding speed on the fatigue of friction stir welds, and comparison with MIG and TIG // International Journal of Fatigue. 2003. Vol. 25. № 12. P. 1379–1387.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B4"><label>4.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ochi H., Ogawa K., Sawai T., Yamamoto Y., Tsujino R., Suga Y. Evaluation of tensile strength and fatigue strength of SUS304 stainless steel friction welded joints. Proceedings of the Thirteenth International Offshore and Polar Engineering Conference. USA, 2003, pp. 25–30.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ochi H., Ogawa K., Sawai T., Yamamoto Y., Tsujino R., Suga Y. Evaluation of tensile strength and fatigue strength of SUS304 stainless steel friction welded joints // Proceedings of the Thirteenth International Offshore and Polar Engineering Conference. USA, 2003. P. 25–30.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B5"><label>5.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sahin M. Joining with friction welding of high speed and medium carbon steel. Journal of Materials Processing Technology, 2005, vol. 168, no. 2, pp. 168–202.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sahin M. Joining with friction welding of high speed and medium carbon steel // Journal of Materials Processing Technology. 2005. Vol. 168. № 2. P. 168–202.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B6"><label>6.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lakshminarayanan A.K., Balasubramanian V. Assessment of fatigue life and crack growth resistance of friction stir welded AISI 409M ferritic stainless steel joints. Materials Science and Engineering A, 2012, vol. 539, pp. 143–153.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lakshminarayanan A.K., Balasubramanian V. Assessment of fatigue life and crack growth resistance of friction stir welded AISI 409M ferritic stainless steel joints // Materials Science and Engineering A. 2012. Vol. 539. P. 143–153.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B7"><label>7.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sowards J.W., Chaupel-Herold T., McColskey J.D., Pereira V.F., Ramirez A.J. Characterization of mechanical properties, fatigue-crack propagation, and residual stresses in a microalloyed pipeline-steel friction-stir weld. Materials and Design, 2015, vol. 88, pp. 632–642.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sowards J.W., Chaupel-Herold T., McColskey J.D., Pereira V.F., Ramirez A.J. Characterization of mechanical properties, fatigue-crack propagation, and residual stresses in a microalloyed pipeline-steel friction-stir weld // Materials and Design. 2015. Vol. 88. P. 632–642.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B8"><label>8.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Abdulstaar M.A., Al-Fadhalah K.J., Wagner L. Microstructural variation through weld thickness and mechanical properties of peened friction stir welded 6061 aluminum alloy joints. Materials Characterization, 2017, vol. 126, pp. 64–73.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Abdulstaar M.A., Al-Fadhalah K.J., Wagner L. Microstructural variation through weld thickness and mechanical properties of peened friction stir welded 6061 aluminum alloy joints // Materials Characterization. 2017. Vol. 126. P. 64–73.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B9"><label>9.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tan Y.B., Wang X.M., Ma M., Zhang J.X., Liu W.C., Fu R.D., Xiang S. A study on microstructure and mechanical properties of AA 3003 aluminum alloy joints by underwater friction stir welding. Materials Characterization, 2017, vol. 127, pp. 41–52.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Tan Y.B., Wang X.M., Ma M., Zhang J.X., Liu W.C., Fu R.D., Xiang S. A study on microstructure and mechanical properties of AA 3003 aluminum alloy joints by underwater friction stir welding // Materials Characterization. 2017. Vol. 127. P. 41–52.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B10"><label>10.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Fratini L., Pasta S., Reynolds A.P. Fatigue crack growth in 2024-T351 friction stirwelded joints: Longitudinal residual stress and microstructural effects. International Journal of Fatigue, 2009, vol. 31, no. 3, pp. 495–500.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Fratini L., Pasta S., Reynolds A.P. Fatigue crack growth in 2024-T351 friction stirwelded joints: Longitudinal residual stress and microstructural effects // International Journal of Fatigue. 2009. Vol. 31. № 3. P. 495–500.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B11"><label>11.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sun T., Reynolds A.P., Roy M.J., Withers P.J., Prangnell P.B. The effect of shoulder coupling on the residual stress and hardness distribution in AA7050 friction stir butt welds. Materials Science and Engineering A, 2018, vol. 735, pp. 218–227.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sun T., Reynolds A.P., Roy M.J., Withers P.J., Prangnell P.B. The effect of shoulder coupling on the residual stress and hardness distribution in AA7050 friction stir butt welds // Materials Science and Engineering A. 2018. Vol. 735. P. 218–227.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B12"><label>12.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Xu W., Liu J., Zhu H. Analysis of residual stresses in thick aluminum friction stir welded butt joints. Materials and Design, 2011, vol. 32, no. 4, pp. 2000–2005.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Xu W., Liu J., Zhu H. Analysis of residual stresses in thick aluminum friction stir welded butt joints // Materials and Design. 2011. Vol. 32. № 4. P. 2000–2005.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B13"><label>13.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Jamshidi A.H. Microstructure and residual stress distributions in friction stir welding of dissimilar aluminium alloys. Materials and Design, 2015, vol. 87, pp. 405–413.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Jamshidi A.H. Microstructure and residual stress distributions in friction stir welding of dissimilar aluminium alloys // Materials and Design. 2015. Vol. 87. P. 405–413.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B14"><label>14.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ivashko V.V., Kirilenko O.M., Vegera I.I., Semenov D.A. Investigation of influence of regimes of thermal processing on structure and mechanical characteristics of hot-rolled tubes, produced of steel 32G2. Lite i metallurgiya, 2011, no. 4, pp. 108–114.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ивашко В.В., Кириленко О.М., Вегера И.И., Семенов Д.А. Исследование влияния режимов термической обработки на структуру и механические свойства горячекатаных труб, изготовленных из стали 32Г2 // Литье и металлургия. 2011. № 4. С. 108–114.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B15"><label>15.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">GOST R 51245-99. Truby burilnye stalnye universalnye. Obshchie tekhnicheskie usloviya [Steel universal drill rods. General specifications]. Moscow, Izdatelstvo standartov Publ., 1999. 15 p.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">ГОСТ Р 51245-99. Трубы бурильные стальные универсальные. Общие технические условия. М.: Издательство стандартов, 1999. 15 c.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B16"><label>16.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Atamashkin A.S., Priymak E.Yu., Firsova N.V. Influence of post-welding tempering on mechanical behavior of friction welded joints from medium-carbon steels during tensile test. Voprosy materialovedeniya, 2020, no. 2, pp. 40–49.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Атамашкин А.С., Приймак Е.Ю., Фирсова Н.В. Влияние послесварочного отпуска на механическое поведение фрикционных сварных соединений среднеуглеродистых сталей при испытании на одноосное растяжение // Вопросы материаловедения. 2020. № 2. С. 40–49.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B17"><label>17.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Priymak E., Boumerzoug Z., Stepanchukova A., Ji V. Residual Stresses and Microstructural Features of Rotary-Friction-Welded from Dissimilar Medium Carbon Steels. Physics of Metals and Metallography, 2020, vol. 121, no. 13, pp. 1339–1346.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Priymak E., Boumerzoug Z., Stepanchukova A., Ji V. Residual Stresses and Microstructural Features of Rotary-Friction-Welded from Dissimilar Medium Carbon Steels // Physics of Metals and Metallography. 2020. Vol. 121. № 13. P. 1339–1346.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B18"><label>18.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Selvamani S.T., Vigneshwar M., Nikhil M., Hariharan S.J., Palanikumar K. Enhancing the Fatigue Properties of Friction Welded AISI 1020 Grade Steel Joints using Post Weld Heat Treatment. Materials Today: Proceedings, 2019, vol. 16, pp. 1251–1258.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Selvamani S.T., Vigneshwar M., Nikhil M., Hariharan S.J., Palanikumar K. Enhancing the Fatigue Properties of Friction Welded AISI 1020 Grade Steel Joints using Post Weld Heat Treatment // Materials Today: Proceedings. 2019. Vol. 16. P. 1251–1258.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B19"><label>19.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Atamashkin A.S., Priymak E.Yu., Tulibaev E.S., Stepanchukova A.V. Fatigue limit and rupture mechanism of welded joints of geological-prospecting drilling pipes under high-cycle fatigue. Chernye metally, 2021, no. 5, pp. 33–38.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Атамашкин А.С., Приймак Е.Ю., Тулибаев Е.С., Степанчукова А.В. Предел выносливости и механизм разрушения фрикционных сварных соединений геологоразведочных бурильных труб в условиях многоцикловой усталости // Черные металлы. 2021. № 5. С. 33–38.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B20"><label>20.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Priymak E.Y., Yakovlev I.L., Atamashkin A.S., Stepanchukova A.V. Evolution of Microstructure in the Thermomechanically Affected Zone of Welded Joints of Medium-Carbon Steels in the Process of Rotary Friction Welding. Metal Science and Heat Treatment, 2021, vol. 62, no. 11-12, pp. 731–737.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Priymak E.Y., Yakovlev I.L., Atamashkin A.S., Stepanchukova A.V. Evolution of Microstructure in the Thermomechanically Affected Zone of Welded Joints of Medium-Carbon Steels in the Process of Rotary Friction Welding // Metal Science and Heat Treatment. 2021. Vol. 62. № 11-12. P. 731–737.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list></back></article>
