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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Frontier Materials &amp; Technologies</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Frontier Materials &amp; Technologies</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Frontier Materials &amp; Technologies</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2782-4039</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2782-6074</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Togliatti State University</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">1256</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.18323/2782-4039-2026-3-77-5</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Articles</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Статьи</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Features of structure formation during liquid carburizing of AISI 321 and AISI 310S chromium-nickel austenitic steels</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Особенности структурообразования при жидкостной цементации хромоникелевых аустенитных сталей AISI 321 и AISI 310S</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9873-3621</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Savrai</surname><given-names>Roman A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Саврай</surname><given-names>Роман Анатольевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Doctor of Sciences (Engineering),Head of Laboratory of Constructional Material Science </p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Доктор технических наук,заведующий лабораторией конструкционного материаловедения</p></bio><email>ras@imach.uran.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8904-7600</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Skorynina</surname><given-names>Polina A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Скорынина</surname><given-names>Полина Андреевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD (Engineering), Researcher</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Кандидат технических наук, научный сотрудник</p></bio><email>polina.skorynina@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7831-2624</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kolobylin</surname><given-names>Yury M.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Колобылин</surname><given-names>Юрий Михайлович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Junior Researcher</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Младший научный сотрудник</p></bio><email>uramk@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Institute of Engineering Science of the Ural Branch of RAS</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Институт машиноведения имени Э.С. Горкунова УрО РАН</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2026-09-30" publication-format="electronic"><day>30</day><month>09</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><issue>3</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>57</fpage><lpage>66</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2026-09-30"><day>30</day><month>09</month><year>2026</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2026-09-30"><day>30</day><month>09</month><year>2026</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2026, Savrai R.A., Skorynina P.A., Kolobylin Y.M.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2026, Саврай Р.А., Скорынина П.А., Колобылин Ю.М.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Savrai R.A., Skorynina P.A., Kolobylin Y.M.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Саврай Р.А., Скорынина П.А., Колобылин Ю.М.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://vektornaukitech.ru/jour/article/view/1256">https://vektornaukitech.ru/jour/article/view/1256</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Problem. Chromium-nickel austenitic steels of the AISI 300 series are important structural materials for industrial applications over a wide range of operating temperatures. The most effective way to increase the strength, wearresistance, and durability of products made from such steels is the creation of diffusion or cladding layers, which bothharden the steel and perform a protective function. Aim. To identify the influence of the chemical composition of AISI310S and AISI 321 chromium-nickel austenitic steels on the features of structure formation during liquid carburizing.Methods. The studies were carried out using optical and scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, and durometricanalysis. Results. It was found that after liquid carburizing at a temperature of 780 °C, the total content of carbide phase inAISI 310S steel is almost four times higher than in AISI 321 steel, amounting to 39.3 and 9.3 wt.%, respectively. Differences in the type of chromium carbides precipitated during carburizing of the investigated steels were revealed (Cr23C6 inAISI 321 steel and Cr7C3 in AISI 310S steel). It was identified that in both investigated steels, cementite Fe3C is alsoformed; however, discrepancies in the position of the characteristic peaks of cementite are observed. It was shown thatthe intensity of carbide formation processes during liquid carburizing of austenitic steels directly affects the depth ofthe hardened layer, which amounted to about 500 μm for AISI 321 steel and about 200 μm for AISI 310S steel. It was established that carburized AISI 321 steel has a significantly higher surface hardness (890 HV0.025) compared to the surfacehardness of carburized AISI 310S steel (590 HV0.025), which is due to the presence of α-martensite in the structure ofAISI 321 steel. Conclusions. The chemical composition of austenitic AISI 310S and AISI 321 steels has a significant impact on the processes of structure formation during liquid carburizing, which is caused by different diffusion conditions.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Проблема. Хромоникелевые аустенитные стали серии AISI 300 являются важными конструкционнымиматериалами промышленного применения в широком диапазоне рабочих температур. Наиболее эффективным способомповышения прочности, износостойкости и долговечности изделий из таких сталей является создание диффузионныхили плакирующих слоев, которые не только упрочняют сталь, но и выполняют защитную функцию. Цель. Выявитьвлияние химического состава хромоникелевых аустенитных сталей AISI 310S и AISI 321 на особенности структурообразования при жидкостной цементации. Методы. Исследования проводили с использованием методов оптическойи сканирующей электронной микроскопии, рентгеноструктурного и дюрометрического анализа. Результаты. Установлено, что после жидкостной цементации при температуре 780 °C общее содержание карбидной фазы в стали AISI 310Sпрактически в четыре раза выше, чем в стали AISI 321, и составляет, соответственно, 39,3 и 9,3 мас. %. Выявлены различия в типе карбидов хрома, выделившихся при цементации исследуемых сталей (Cr23C6 в стали AISI 321и Cr7C3 в стали AISI 310S). Установлено, что в обеих исследуемых сталях также образуется цементит Fe3C, однако имеют место несоответствия в положении характеристических пиков цементита. Показано, что интенсивность процессовкарбидообразования при жидкостной цементации аустенитных сталей напрямую влияет на глубину упрочненного слоя,которая составила около 500 мкм для стали AISI 321 и около 200 мкм для стали AISI 310S. Установлено, что цементованная сталь AISI 321 имеет существенно более высокую твердость поверхности (890 HV0,025) по сравнению с твердостьюповерхности цементованной стали AISI 310S (590 HV0,025), что обусловлено наличием α-мартенсита в структуре сталиAISI 321. Выводы. Химический состав аустенитных сталей AISI 310S и AISI 321 оказывает существенное влияние напроцессы структурообразования при жидкостной цементации, что обусловлено неодинаковыми условиями диффузии.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>AISI 321 and AISI 310S chromium-nickel austenitic steels</kwd><kwd>liquid carburizing</kwd><kwd>microstructure</kwd><kwd>phase composition</kwd><kwd>chromium carbides</kwd><kwd>microhardness</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>хромоникелевые аустенитные стали AISI 321 и AISI 310S</kwd><kwd>жидкостная цементация</kwd><kwd>микроструктура</kwd><kwd>фазовый состав</kwd><kwd>карбиды хрома</kwd><kwd>микротвердость</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="en">The work was carried out within the state assignment of the Institute of Engineering Sciences, the Ural Branch of RAS on topic No. 124020600045-0. 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