<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE root>
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Frontier Materials &amp; Technologies</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Frontier Materials &amp; Technologies</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Frontier Materials &amp; Technologies</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2782-4039</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2782-6074</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Togliatti State University</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">1253</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.18323/2782-4039-2026-3-77-2</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Articles</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Статьи</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Morphology, phase composition and tribological properties of W–Co coatings formed by electrospark alloying of St3 steel</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Морфология, фазовый состав и трибологические свойства W–Co покрытий, полученных электроискровым легированием стали Ст3</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0004-0351-3490</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Konchin</surname><given-names>Vladimir A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Кончин</surname><given-names>Владимир Алексеевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD (Engineering),assistant professor of Department of Electrical Engineering and Electric Power Engineering</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Кандидат технических наук,доцент кафедры электротехники и электроэнергетики</p></bio><email>konchin98@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1770-7451</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Vornacheva</surname><given-names>Irina V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ворначева</surname><given-names>Ирина Валерьевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD (Engineering),Associate Professor, Head of Department of Electric Power Engineering and Electrical Engineering</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Кандидат технических наук, доцент,заведующий кафедрой электроэнергетики и электротехники</p></bio><email>vornairina2008@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Fetisov</surname><given-names>Vladislav S.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Фетисов</surname><given-names>Владислав Сергеевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Postgraduate student of Department of Electrical Engineering and Electric Power Engineering</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>аспирант кафедры электротехники и электроэнергетики </p></bio><email>vladislav.fetisov.2016102@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Loktionov</surname><given-names>Aleksey I.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Локтионов</surname><given-names>Алексей Игоревич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Postgraduate student of Department of Electrical Engineering and Electric Power Engineering</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Аспирант кафедры электротехники и электроэнергетики </p></bio><email>loktionovalex@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Merkulov</surname><given-names>Aleksandr A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Меркулов</surname><given-names>Александр Александрович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Postgraduate student of Department of Electrical Engineering and Electric Power Engineering</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Аспирант кафедры электротехники и электроэнергетики </p></bio><email>merkylovalex@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Kursk State Agrarian University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Курский государственный аграрный университет имени И.И. Иванова</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Southwest State University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Юго-Западный государственный университет</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2026-09-30" publication-format="electronic"><day>30</day><month>09</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><issue>3</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>19</fpage><lpage>28</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2026-09-30"><day>30</day><month>09</month><year>2026</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2026-09-30"><day>30</day><month>09</month><year>2026</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2026, Konchin V.A., Vornacheva I.V., Fetisov V.S., Loktionov A.I., Merkulov A.A.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2026, Кончин В.А., Ворначева И.В., Фетисов В.С., Локтионов А.И., Меркулов А.А.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Konchin V.A., Vornacheva I.V., Fetisov V.S., Loktionov A.I., Merkulov A.A.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Кончин В.А., Ворначева И.В., Фетисов В.С., Локтионов А.И., Меркулов А.А.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://vektornaukitech.ru/jour/article/view/1253">https://vektornaukitech.ru/jour/article/view/1253</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Problem. For W–Co coatings on low-carbon structural steel, the influence of the combined variation ofthe discrete MODE and VIBRATION parameters during electrospark alloying on layer formation and the coordinatedchange in its structural and tribological characteristics has not been established. This complicates the selection of a modethat simultaneously provides coating density, strong adhesion to the substrate, and wear resistance. Aim. To identifythe influence of electrospark alloying modes with W–Co electrodes on the structure and tribological properties of coatingson St3 steel. Methods. Coatings were deposited onto St3 steel specimens measuring 50×50×3 mm using electrodes composed of 85 % W and 15 % Co, produced by spark plasma sintering. On a UR-121 setup, five MODE and VIBRATIONcombinations were investigated with five passes and a processing time of 180 s. The structure and properties were evaluated using SEM, X-ray phase analysis, 3D profilometry, measurements of microhardness, porosity, and adhesion;tribological tests were carried out according to the ball-on-flat scheme. Results. Among the five studied modes, the optimal combination was MODE=2, VIBRATION=5, which formed the densest layer about 75 μm thick with a microhardnessof 1520±45 HV, porosity not exceeding 1.5 %, and adhesion of 75 MPa. The α-Fe, W, Co, Fe–W, WO3, and WC phaseswere identified. At a load of 1 N, the mass wear intensity was 0.04–0.08 mg/(N·m), which is 2.5–4 times lower than that ofuncoated St3 steel (0.15–0.20 mg/(N·m). Conclusions. The MODE=2, VIBRATION=5 mode provides the best combination of microhardness, low porosity, adhesion, and wear resistance among those studied and can be used as a basis for localrestoration of worn surfaces of agricultural machinery parts.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Проблема. Для W–Co покрытий на низкоуглеродистой конструкционной стали не установлено,как совместное изменение дискретных параметров MODE и VIBRATION при электроискровом легировании влияет на формирование слоя и согласованное изменение его структурных и трибологических характеристик. Это затрудняет выбор режима, одновременно обеспечивающего плотность покрытия, прочное сцепление с основойи сопротивление изнашиванию. Цель. Установить влияние режимов электроискрового легирования W–Co электродами на структуру и трибологические свойства покрытий на стали Ст3. Методы. На образцы стали Ст3 размером 50×50×3 мм наносили покрытия электродами состава 85 % W и 15 % Co, полученными искровым плазменнымспеканием. На установке UR-121 исследовали пять сочетаний MODE и VIBRATION при пяти проходах и времениобработки 180 с. Структуру и свойства оценивали методами РЭМ, рентгенофазового анализа, 3D-профилометрии,измерения микротвердости, пористости и адгезии; трибологические испытания проводили по схеме «шар–плоскость». Результаты. Среди пяти исследованных режимов оптимальным оказался MODE=2, VIBRATION=5сформирован наиболее плотный слой толщиной около 75 мкм с микротвердостью 1520±45 HV, пористостью неболее 1,5 % и адгезией 75 МПа. Идентифицированы α-Fe, W, Co, Fe–W, WO3 и WC. При нагрузке 1 Н интенсивность массового износа составила 0,04–0,08 мг/(Н·м), что в 2,5–4 раза ниже показателя стали Ст3 без покрытия(0,15–0,20 мг/(Н·м)). Выводы. Режим MODE=2, VIBRATION=5 обеспечивает наилучшее среди исследованныхсочетание микротвердости, низкой пористости, адгезии и сопротивления изнашиванию и может быть положенв основу локального восстановления изнашиваемых поверхностей деталей сельскохозяйственной техники.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>electrospark alloying</kwd><kwd>W–Co coating</kwd><kwd>St3 steel</kwd><kwd>microhardness</kwd><kwd>porosity</kwd><kwd>adhesion</kwd><kwd>friction coefficient</kwd><kwd>wear resistance</kwd><kwd>3D topography</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>электроискровое легирование</kwd><kwd>W–Co покрытие</kwd><kwd>сталь Ст3</kwd><kwd>микротвердость</kwd><kwd>пористость</kwd><kwd>адгезия</kwd><kwd>коэффициент трения</kwd><kwd>износостойкость</kwd><kwd>3D-топография</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Konchin V.A., Ageeva E.V., Serebrovskiy V.I., Bashkirev A.P. Comparative analysis of the dynamics of changes in the geometric parameters of new cultivator goose-foot shares and those restored using plasma-arc welding with carbide electro-erosion powders. Tekhnika i oborudovanie dlya sela, 2025, no. 12, pp. 19–22. DOI: 10.33267/2072-9642-2025-12-19-22.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Кончин В.А., Агеева Е.В., Серебровский В.И., Башкирев А.П. Сравнительный анализ динамики изменения геометрических параметров новых стрельчатых лап культиватора и восстановленных плазменно-порошковой наплавкой твердосплавных электроэрозионных порошков // Техника и оборудование для села. 2025. № 12. С. 19–22. DOI: 10.33267/2072-9642-2025-12-19-22.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B2"><label>2.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Vinokurov E.G., Burukhina T.F., Skopintsev V.D., Meshalkin V.P. Tribological characteristics of electroless Ni–P alloys as an alternative to chromium coatings: infometric analysis. Mendeleev Communications, 2024, vol. 34, no. 4, pp. 472–477. DOI: 10.1016/j.mencom.2024.06.002.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Vinokurov E.G., Burukhina T.F., Skopintsev V.D., Meshalkin V.P. Tribological characteristics of electroless Ni–P alloys as an alternative to chromium coatings: infometric analysis // Mendeleev Communications. 2024. Vol. 34. № 4. P. 472–477. DOI: 10.1016/j.mencom.2024.06.002.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B3"><label>3.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Vinokurov E.G., Kuznetsov V.V., Filatova E.A., Grafushin R.V., Zheleznov E.V., Kruglikov S.S. Improvements of commercial chromium coatings wear resistance by means of electro-co-deposition with graphite, TiN, and W–BN. Materials Letters, 2021, vol. 291, article number 129543. DOI: 10.1016/j.matlet.2021.129543.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Vinokurov E.G., Kuznetsov V.V., Filatova E.A., Grafushin R.V., Zheleznov E.V., Kruglikov S.S. Improvements of commercial chromium coatings wear resistance by means of electro-co-deposition with graphite, TiN, and W–BN // Materials Letters. 2021. Vol. 291. Article number 129543. DOI: 10.1016/j.matlet.2021.129543.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B4"><label>4.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mukanov S.K., Loginov P.A., Petrzhik M.I., Levashov E.A. Electrospark modification of the surface of additive VT6 alloy with high-entropy and amorphous electrodes. Frontier Materials &amp; Technologies, 2024, no. 1, pp. 49–60. DOI: 10.18323/2782-4039-2024-1-67-5.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Муканов С.К., Логинов П.А., Петржик М.И., Левашов Е.А. Электроискровое модифицирование поверхности аддитивного сплава ВТ6 высокоэнтропийным и аморфным электродами // Frontier Materials &amp; Technologies. 2024. № 1. С. 49–60. DOI: 10.18323/2782-4039-2024-1-67-5.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B5"><label>5.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zamulaeva E.I., Levashov E.A., Kudryashov A.E., Vakaev P.V., Petrzhik M.I. Electrospark coatings deposited onto an Armco iron substrate with nano- and microstructured WC–Co electrodes: deposition process, structure, and properties. Surface and Coatings Technology, 2008, vol. 202, no. 15, pp. 3715–3722. DOI: 10.1016/j.surfcoat.2008.01.008.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zamulaeva E.I., Levashov E.A., Kudryashov A.E., Vakaev P.V., Petrzhik M.I. Electrospark coatings deposited onto an Armco iron substrate with nano- and microstructured WC–Co electrodes: deposition process, structure, and properties // Surface and Coatings Technology. 2008. Vol. 202. № 15. P. 3715–3722. DOI: 10.1016/j.surfcoat.2008.01.008.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B6"><label>6.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Burkov A.A., Pyachin S.A. Formation of WC–Co coating by a novel technique of electrospark granules deposition. Materials &amp; Design, 2015, vol. 80, pp. 109–115. DOI: 10.1016/j.matdes.2015.05.008.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Burkov A.A., Pyachin S.A. Formation of WC–Co coating by a novel technique of electrospark granules deposition // Materials &amp; Design. 2015. Vol. 80. P. 109–115. DOI: 10.1016/j.matdes.2015.05.008.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B7"><label>7.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Burkov A.A. Wear resistance of electrospark WC–Co coatings with different iron contents. Journal of Friction and Wear, 2016, vol. 37, no. 4, pp. 385–388. DOI: 10.3103/S1068366616040048.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Burkov A.A. Wear resistance of electrospark WC–Co coatings with different iron contents // Journal of Friction and Wear. 2016. Vol. 37. № 4. P. 385–388. DOI: 10.3103/S1068366616040048.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B8"><label>8.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kreivaitis R., Žunda A., Kupčinskas A., Jankauskas V. A study of tribological behaviour of W–Co and Cu electro-spark alloyed layers under lubricated sliding conditions. Tribology International, 2016, vol. 103, pp. 236–242. DOI: 10.1016/j.triboint.2016.07.010.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kreivaitis R., Žunda A., Kupčinskas A., Jankauskas V. A study of tribological behaviour of W–Co and Cu electro-spark alloyed layers under lubricated sliding conditions // Tribology International. 2016. Vol. 103. P. 236–242. DOI: 10.1016/j.triboint.2016.07.010.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B9"><label>9.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Padgurskas J., Kreivaitis R., Rukuiža R., Mihailov V., Agafii V., Kriūkienė R., Baltušnikas A. Tribological properties of coatings obtained by electro-spark alloying C45 steel surfaces. Surface and Coatings Technology, 2017, vol. 311, pp. 90–97. DOI: 10.1016/j.surfcoat.2016.12.098.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Padgurskas J., Kreivaitis R., Rukuiža R., Mihailov V., Agafii V., Kriūkienė R., Baltušnikas A. Tribological properties of coatings obtained by electro-spark alloying C45 steel surfaces // Surface and Coatings Technology. 2017. Vol. 311. P. 90–97. DOI: 10.1016/j.surfcoat.2016.12.098.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B10"><label>10.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Nikolenko S.V., Burkov A.A., Dvornik M.I., Zaitsev A.V., Sui N.A. Effect of parameters of electric spark discharge on the physico-chemical characteristics of steel 45 surface after the ESA electrodes based on WC–8%Co with chromium-carbide additives. Surface Engineering and Applied Electrochemistry, 2019, vol. 55, no. 3, pp. 251–258. DOI: 10.3103/S1068375519030141.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Nikolenko S.V., Burkov A.A., Dvornik M.I., Zaitsev A.V., Sui N.A. Effect of parameters of electric spark discharge on the physico-chemical characteristics of steel 45 surface after the ESA electrodes based on WC–8%Co with chromium-carbide additives // Surface Engineering and Applied Electrochemistry. 2019. Vol. 55. № 3. P. 251–258. DOI: 10.3103/S1068375519030141.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B11"><label>11.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Katinas E., Jankauskas V., Kazak N., Michailov V. Improving abrasive wear resistance for steel Hardox 400 by electro-spark deposition. Journal of Friction and Wear, 2019, vol. 40, no. 1, pp. 100–106. DOI: 10.3103/S1068366619010070.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Katinas E., Jankauskas V., Kazak N., Michailov V. Improving abrasive wear resistance for steel Hardox 400 by electro-spark deposition // Journal of Friction and Wear. 2019. Vol. 40. № 1. P. 100–106. DOI: 10.3103/S1068366619010070.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B12"><label>12.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kayali Y., Talaş Ş. Investigation on wear behavior of steels coated with WC by ESD technique. Protection of Metals and Physical Chemistry of Surfaces, 2021, vol. 57, pp. 106–112. DOI: 10.1134/S2070205120060131.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kayali Y., Talaş Ş. Investigation on wear behavior of steels coated with WC by ESD technique // Protection of Metals and Physical Chemistry of Surfaces. 2021. Vol. 57. P. 106–112. DOI: 10.1134/S2070205120060131.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B13"><label>13.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kroitoru D.M., Silkin S.A., Kazak N.N., Ivashku S.Kh., Petrenko V.I., Poshtaru G.I., Yurchenko V.I., Yurchenko E.V. Physico-mechanical and tribological properties of carbon-containing surface nanocomposites produced by electrospark alloying. Surface Engineering and Applied Electrochemistry, 2021, vol. 57, no. 6, pp. 617–626. DOI: 10.3103/S1068375521060077.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kroitoru D.M., Silkin S.A., Kazak N.N., Ivashku S.Kh., Petrenko V.I., Poshtaru G.I., Yurchenko V.I., Yurchenko E.V. Physico-mechanical and tribological properties of carbon-containing surface nanocomposites produced by electrospark alloying // Surface Engineering and Applied Electrochemistry. 2021. Vol. 57. № 6. P. 617–626. DOI: 10.3103/S1068375521060077.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B14"><label>14.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wang Zhao, Hao Su, Weifeng He, Xiaorong Wang, Xiaoyu Cui, Sihai Luo. Defect control of electro-spark deposition WC–Co coatings via adjusting pulse energy and deposited layer number. Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance, 2023, vol. 32, pp. 1402–1411. DOI: 10.1007/s11665-022-07204-6.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wang Zhao, Hao Su, Weifeng He, Xiaorong Wang, Xiaoyu Cui, Sihai Luo. Defect control of electro-spark deposition WC–Co coatings via adjusting pulse energy and deposited layer number // Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance. 2023. Vol. 32. P. 1402–1411. DOI: 10.1007/s11665-022-07204-6.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B15"><label>15.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Radek N. Properties of WC–Co coatings with Al2O3 addition. Production Engineering Archives, 2023, vol. 29, no. 1, pp. 94–100. DOI: 10.30657/pea.2023.29.11.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Radek N. Properties of WC–Co coatings with Al2O3 addition // Production Engineering Archives. 2023. Vol. 29. № 1. P. 94–100. DOI: 10.30657/pea.2023.29.11.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B16"><label>16.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kayali Y., Yalçin Y., Talaş Ş. Electro-spark deposition coating of AISI 4140 and AISI 1040 steels by WC, Ni and M42 electrodes and their wear properties. Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance, 2024, vol. 33, pp. 11558–11568. DOI: 10.1007/s11665-023-08794-5.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kayali Y., Yalçin Y., Talaş Ş. Electro-spark deposition coating of AISI 4140 and AISI 1040 steels by WC, Ni and M42 electrodes and their wear properties // Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance. 2024. Vol. 33. P. 11558–11568. DOI: 10.1007/s11665-023-08794-5.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B17"><label>17.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Młynarczyk P., Bańkowski D., Depczyński W. The impact of selected ESD parameters on the properties of tungsten layers. Materials, 2025, vol. 18, no. 19, article number 4581. DOI: 10.3390/ma18194581.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Młynarczyk P., Bańkowski D., Depczyński W. The impact of selected ESD parameters on the properties of tungsten layers // Materials. 2025. Vol. 18. № 19. Article number 4581. DOI: 10.3390/ma18194581.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B18"><label>18.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Shuai Yang, Siyang Gao, Weihai Xue, Bi Wu, Duan D.L. Investigations on microstructure, oxidation, and tribological behavior of NiCoCrAlYTa/Y2O3 blade tip protective coating produced by electro spark deposition over a wide temperature range. Tribology International, 2023, vol. 180, article number 108274. DOI: 10.1016/j.triboint.2023.108274.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Shuai Yang, Siyang Gao, Weihai Xue, Bi Wu, Duan D.L. Investigations on microstructure, oxidation, and tribological behavior of NiCoCrAlYTa/Y2O3 blade tip protective coating produced by electro spark deposition over a wide temperature range // Tribology International. 2023. Vol. 180. Article number 108274. DOI: 10.1016/j.triboint.2023.108274.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B19"><label>19.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Jiansheng Wang, Huimin Meng, Hongying Yu, Zishuan Fan, Dongbai Sun. Wear characteristics of spheroidal graphite roll WC–8Co coating produced by electro-spark deposition. Rare Metals, 2010, vol. 29, pp. 174–179. DOI: 10.1007/s12598-010-0030-6.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Jiansheng Wang, Huimin Meng, Hongying Yu, Zishuan Fan, Dongbai Sun. Wear characteristics of spheroidal graphite roll WC–8Co coating produced by electro-spark deposition // Rare Metals. 2010. Vol. 29. P. 174–179. DOI: 10.1007/s12598-010-0030-6.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list></back></article>
