<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE root>
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Frontier Materials &amp; Technologies</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Frontier Materials &amp; Technologies</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Frontier Materials &amp; Technologies</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2782-4039</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2782-6074</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Togliatti State University</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">1231</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.18323/2782-4039-2026-2-76-1</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Articles</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Статьи</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Study of the feasibility of using the acoustic emission method to determine the corrosion resistance of austenitic steels</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Исследование возможности применения метода акустической эмиссии для определения коррозионной стойкости сталей аустенитного класса</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0201-4532</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Barat</surname><given-names>Vera A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Барат</surname><given-names>Вера Александровна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Doctor of Sciences (Engineering), Associate Professor, Professor</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>доктор технических наук, доцент, профессор. </p></bio><email>vera.barat@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0806-7336</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Marchenkov</surname><given-names>Artem Yu.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Марченков</surname><given-names>Артем Юрьевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD (Engineering), Associate Professor</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p> кандидат технических наук, доцент</p></bio><email>art-marchenkov@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Pankina</surname><given-names>Anastasiya A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Панькина</surname><given-names>Анастасия Алексеевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>postgraduate student</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>аспирант</p></bio><email>pankina_anastasiia@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Lavrik</surname><given-names>Nikita V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Лаврик</surname><given-names>Никита Валентинович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>student</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>студент</p></bio><email>LavrikNV@mpei.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Lepsheev</surname><given-names>Egor A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Лепшеев</surname><given-names>Егор Андреевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>student, researcher</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>студент, научный сотрудник.</p></bio><email>LepsheevYA@mpei.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">National Research University “Moscow Power Engineering Institute” (NRU MPEI)</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">: Национальный исследовательский университет «МЭИ»</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">: Interunis-IT</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Интерюнис-ИТ</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff3"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">National Research University “Moscow Power Engineering Institute” (NRU MPEI)</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Национальный исследовательский университет «МЭИ»</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff4"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">National Research University Moscow Power Engineering Institute (NRU MPEI)</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Национальный исследовательский университет «МЭИ»</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff5"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Interunis-IT</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">«Интерюнис-ИТ</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2026-06-30" publication-format="electronic"><day>30</day><month>06</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><issue>2</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en">Frontier Materials &amp; Technologies</issue-title><issue-title xml:lang="ru">Frontier Materials &amp; Technologies</issue-title><fpage>9</fpage><lpage>21</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2026-06-30"><day>30</day><month>06</month><year>2026</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2026-06-30"><day>30</day><month>06</month><year>2026</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2026, Barat V.A., Marchenkov A.Y., Pankina A.A., Lavrik N.V., Lepsheev E.A.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2026, Барат В.А., Марченков А.Ю., Панькина А.А., Лаврик Н.В., Лепшеев Е.А.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Barat V.A., Marchenkov A.Y., Pankina A.A., Lavrik N.V., Lepsheev E.A.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Барат В.А., Марченков А.Ю., Панькина А.А., Лаврик Н.В., Лепшеев Е.А.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://vektornaukitech.ru/jour/article/view/1231">https://vektornaukitech.ru/jour/article/view/1231</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p><bold><italic>Abstract:</italic></bold> <bold>Problem.</bold> Intergranular corrosion (IGC) is one of the most dangerous types of corrosion affecting chromium-nickel austenitic steels. With low degrees of IGC damage, the dimensions of the affected surface zones are small, making them reliably detectable only through metallographic examination, which reduces the efficiency and reliability of inspection. <bold>Objective.</bold> To evaluate the feasibility of increasing the reliability of testing austenitic steels for susceptibility to intergranular corrosion by applying the acoustic emission (AE) method during testing. <bold>Methods.</bold> The object of study was 12Kh18N9 austenitic steel. Specimens of the steel were subjected to various heat treatments and corrosion treatments to induce intergranular corrosion with varying degrees of damage. The specimens were then tested for resistance to IGC according to GOST 6032–2017 using a static three-point bending test, in which the acoustic emission method was applied in addition to the standard test procedure. <bold>Results.</bold> The application of the AE method during mechanical testing of austenitic steel specimens made it possible to detect IGC even at low levels of corrosion damage, This was achieved through an up to tenfold increase in AE activity and an increase in AE pulse amplitudes from 60 dB to 90 dB. Moreover, the AE method allows the identification of the sensitised state of austenitic steel by detecting an increase in the proportion of hits with amplitudes exceeding 50 dB (from 0.046 to 0.155), without requiring additional metallographic examination. <bold>Conclusions.</bold> The AE method can be used during testing of austenitic steel specimens for resistance to IGC to improve the reliability of results, since AE parameters differ significantly between specimens in the initial state, those in the sensitised state, and those with pronounced IGC.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p><bold><italic>Аннотация: </italic></bold><bold>Проблема.<italic> </italic></bold>Межкристаллитная коррозия (МКК) – один из наиболее опасных видов коррозии хромоникелевых аустенитных сталей. При малой степени повреждений МКК размеры повреждённых поверхностных зон малы, вследствие чего они могут быть надежно обнаружены только с помощью металлографических исследований, что снижает оперативность и достоверность контроля. <bold>Цель.</bold> Оценка возможности повышения достоверности испытаний аустенитных сталей на склонность к межкристаллитной коррозии за счет применения в процессе испытаний метода акустической эмиссии(АЭ). <bold>Методы.</bold> В качестве объекта исследования были выбрана сталь аустенитного класса 12Х18Н9. Образцы исследуемой стали подвергали различным видам термической обработки, а также коррозионной обработке для создания в образцах МКК с различной степенью повреждений. Затем образцы были испытаны на стойкость против МКК (ГОСТ 6032–2017) с помощью испытания на статический трёхточечный изгиб, при котором в дополнение к стандартной схеме испытаний был применен метод АЭ. <bold>Результаты.</bold> Применение метода АЭ при механических испытаниях образцов аустенитных сталей позволило обнаружить МКК даже при малой степени коррозионных повреждений за счет повышения активности АЭ до 10 раз и увеличения амплитуд импульсов АЭ с 60 до 90 дБ. Также метод АЭ позволяет определять наличие сенсибилизированного состояния аустенитной стали на основании увеличения доли импульсов с амплитудой, превышающей 50 дБ, с 0,046 до 0,155 без проведения дополнительных металлографических исследований. <bold>Выводы.<italic> </italic></bold>Метод АЭ может быть использован в процессе испытаний образцов аустенитной стали на стойкость против МКК для повышения достоверности результатов, так как параметры АЭ существенно различаются для образцов в исходном состоянии, для образцов в сенсибилизированном состоянии и с выраженной МКК.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>intergranular corrosion</kwd><kwd>IGC</kwd><kwd>acoustic emission</kwd><kwd>AE</kwd><kwd>sensitisation of austenitic steels</kwd><kwd>12Kh18N9 steel</kwd><kwd>IGC testing</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>межкристаллитная коррозия</kwd><kwd>МКК</kwd><kwd>акустическая эмиссия</kwd><kwd>АЭ</kwd><kwd>сенсибилизация аустенитных сталей</kwd><kwd>сталь 12Х18Н9</kwd><kwd>испытания на МКК</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="en">The study was carried out within the project “Development of a Methodology for Detecting the Processes of Sensitisation and Intergranular Corrosion Formation in Austenitic Steels Using the Acoustic Emission Method” (PNI-24/26-34) with the support of a grant from the National Research University “Moscow Power Engineering Institute” (NRU MPEI) for the implementation of the research program “Priority 2030: Technologies of the Future” in 2024-2026. The paper was written on the reports of the participants of the XII International School of Physical Materials Science (SPM-2025), Togliatti, September 15–19, 2025.</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Исследование выполнено в рамках проекта «Разработка методики выявления процессов сенсибилизации и образования межкристаллитной коррозии в аустенитных сталях методом акустической эмиссии» (ПНИ-24/26-34) при поддержке гранта НИУ «МЭИ» на реализацию программы научных исследований «Приоритет 2030: Технологии будущего» в 2024-2026 гг. Статья подготовлена по материалам докладов участников XII Международной школы «Физическое материаловедение» (ШФМ-2025), Тольятти, 15–19 сентября 2025 года.</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Petrovnina I.N., Skorokhodov V.A. Cathodic processes in intergranular corrosion of nickel-chrome stainless steel. Engineering Journal of Don, 2019, no. 1, pp. 1–14. EDN: YCWSKE.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Петровнина И.Н., Скороходов В.А. Катодные процессы при межкристаллитной коррозии хромоникелевой нержавеющей стали // Инженерный вестник Дона. 2019. № 1. C. 1–14. EDN: YCWSKE.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B2"><label>2.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kasparova O.V. Intergranular Corrosion of Stainless Steels. Tekhnologiya legkikh splavov, 2011, no. 3, pp. 85–91. EDN: PUUVSZ.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Каспарова О.В. Межкристаллитная коррозия нержавеющих сталей // Технология лёгких сплавов. 2011. № 3. С. 85–91. EDN: PUUVSZ.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B3"><label>3.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Shaikh H., Sivaibharasi N., Sasi B., Anita T., Amirthalingam R., Rao B.P.C., Jayakumar T., Khatak H.S., Raj B. Use of eddy current testing method in detection and evaluation of sensitisation and intergranular corrosion in austenitic stainless steels. Corrosion Science, 2006, vol. 48, no. 6, pp. 1462–1482. DOI: 10.1016/j.corsci.2005.05.017.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Shaikh H., Sivaibharasi N., Sasi B., Anita T., Amirthalingam R., Rao B.P.C., Jayakumar T., Khatak H.S., Raj B. Use of eddy current testing method in detection and evaluation of sensitisation and intergranular corrosion in austenitic stainless steels // Corrosion Science. 2006. Vol. 48. № 6. P. 1462–1482. DOI: 10.1016/j.corsci.2005.05.017.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B4"><label>4.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Orlov P.S., Goldobina L.A. Decrease in consequences of technogenic accidents at operation of underground pipelines by introduction of the technique of definition of places of intercrystal corrosion. Technical and Technological problems of service, 2010, no. 4, pp. 18–25. EDN: NAZENJ.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Орлов П.С., Голдобина Л.А. Снижение последствий техногенных катастроф при эксплуатации подземных трубопроводов внедрением методики определения мест межкристаллитной коррозии // Технико-технологические проблемы сервиса. 2010. № 4. C. 18–25. EDN: NAZENJ.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B5"><label>5.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sánchez-Amaya J.M., González-Rovira L., Amaya-Vázquez M.R., Botana F.J. Experimental correlation between metallographic evaluation and electrochemical noise in intergranular corrosion tests of aluminium alloys. Surface and Interface Analysis, 2012, vol. 44, no. 9, pp. 1279–1286. DOI: 10.1002/sia.5003.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sánchez-Amaya J.M., González-Rovira L., Amaya-Vázquez M.R., Botana F.J. Experimental correlation between metallographic evaluation and electrochemical noise in intergranular corrosion tests of aluminium alloys // Surface and Interface Analysis. 2012. Vol. 44. № 9. P. 1279–1286. DOI: 10.1002/sia.5003.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B6"><label>6.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sahoo S., Jha B.B., Sahoo T.K. Acoustic emission study of deformation behaviour of sensitised 304 stainless steel. Materials Science and Technology, 2014, vol. 30, no. 11, pp. 1336–1342. DOI: 10.1179/1743284714Y.0000000584.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sahoo S., Jha B.B., Sahoo T.K. Acoustic emission study of deformation behaviour of sensitised 304 stainless steel // Materials Science and Technology. 2014. Vol. 30. № 11. P. 1336–1342. DOI: 10.1179/1743284714Y.0000000584.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B7"><label>7.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Stella J., Cerezo J., Rodríguez E. Characterization of the sensitization degree in the AISI 304 stainless steel using spectral analysis and conventional ultrasonic techniques. NDT and E International, 2009, vol. 42, no. 4, pp. 267–274. DOI: 10.1016/j.ndteint.2008.11.005.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Stella J., Cerezo J., Rodríguez E. Characterization of the sensitization degree in the AISI 304 stainless steel using spectral analysis and conventional ultrasonic techniques // NDT and E International. 2009. Vol. 42. № 4. P. 267–274. DOI: 10.1016/j.ndteint.2008.11.005.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B8"><label>8.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Doerr C., Jin-Yeon Kim, Singh P., Wall J.J., Jacobs L.J. Evaluation of sensitization in stainless steel 304 and 304L using nonlinear Rayleigh waves. NDT and E International, 2017, vol. 88, pp. 17–23. DOI: 10.1016/j.ndteint.2017.02.007.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Doerr C., Jin-Yeon Kim, Singh P., Wall J.J., Jacobs L.J. Evaluation of sensitization in stainless steel 304 and 304L using nonlinear Rayleigh waves // NDT and E International. 2017. Vol. 88. P. 17–23. DOI: 10.1016/j.ndteint.2017.02.007.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B9"><label>9.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zhen Zhang, Ziyu Zhang, Jibo Tan, Xinqiang Wu. Quantitatively related acoustic emission signal with stress corrosion crack growth rate of sensitized 304 stainless steel in high-temperature water. Corrosion Science, 2019, vol. 157, pp. 79–86. DOI: 10.1016/j.corsci.2019.05.030.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zhen Zhang, Ziyu Zhang, Jibo Tan, Xinqiang Wu. Quantitatively related acoustic emission signal with stress corrosion crack growth rate of sensitized 304 stainless steel in high-temperature water // Corrosion Science. 2019. Vol. 157. P. 79–86. DOI: 10.1016/j.corsci.2019.05.030.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B10"><label>10.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Woonggi Hwang, Seunggi Bae, Jaeseong Kim, Sungsik Kang, Nogwan Kwag, Boyoung Lee. Acoustic emission characteristics of stress corrosion cracks in a type 304 stainless steel tube. Nuclear Engineering and Technology, 2015, vol. 47, no. 4, pp. 454–460. DOI: 10.1016/j.net.2015.04.001.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Woonggi Hwang, Seunggi Bae, Jaeseong Kim, Sungsik Kang, Nogwan Kwag, Boyoung Lee. Acoustic emission characteristics of stress corrosion cracks in a type 304 stainless steel tube // Nuclear Engineering and Technology. 2015. Vol. 47. № 4. P. 454–460. DOI: 10.1016/j.net.2015.04.001.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B11"><label>11.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Nuthalapati S., Kee K.E., Pedapati S.R., Jumbri K. A review of chloride induced stress corrosion cracking characterization in austenitic stainless steels using acoustic emission technique. Nuclear Engineering and Technology, 2024, vol. 56, no. 2, pp. 688–706. DOI: 10.1016/j.net.2023.11.005.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Nuthalapati S., Kee K.E., Pedapati S.R., Jumbri K. A review of chloride induced stress corrosion cracking characterization in austenitic stainless steels using acoustic emission technique // Nuclear Engineering and Technology. 2024. Vol. 56. № 2. P. 688–706. DOI: 10.1016/j.net.2023.11.005.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B12"><label>12.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Jirarungsatian C., Prateepasen A. Pitting and uniform corrosion source recognition using acoustic emission parameters. Corrosion Science, 2010, vol. 52, no. 1, pp. 187–197. DOI: 10.1016/j.corsci.2009.09.001.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Jirarungsatian C., Prateepasen A. Pitting and uniform corrosion source recognition using acoustic emission parameters // Corrosion Science. 2010. Vol. 52. № 1. P. 187–197. DOI: 10.1016/j.corsci.2009.09.001.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B13"><label>13.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gang Du, Weikui Wang, Shizhe Song, Shijiu Jin. Detection of corrosion on 304 stainless steel by acoustic emission measurement. Anti-corrosion Methods &amp; Materials, 2010, vol. 57, no. 3, pp. 126–132. DOI: 10.1108/00035591011040083.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gang Du, Weikui Wang, Shizhe Song, Shijiu Jin. Detection of corrosion on 304 stainless steel by acoustic emission measurement // Anti-corrosion Methods &amp; Materials. 2010. Vol. 57. № 3. P. 126–132. DOI: 10.1108/00035591011040083.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B14"><label>14.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Jian Xu, Xinqiang Wu, En-Hou Han. Acoustic emission response of sensitized 304 stainless steel during intergranular corrosion and stress corrosion cracking. Corrosion Science, 2013, vol. 73, pp. 262–273. DOI: 10.1016/j.corsci.2013.04.014.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Jian Xu, Xinqiang Wu, En-Hou Han. Acoustic emission response of sensitized 304 stainless steel during intergranular corrosion and stress corrosion cracking // Corrosion Science. 2013. Vol. 73. P. 262–273. DOI: 10.1016/j.corsci.2013.04.014.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B15"><label>15.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kovac J., Alaux C., Marrow T.J., Govekar E., Legat A. Correlations of electrochemical noise, acoustic emission and complementary monitoring techniques during intergranular stress-corrosion cracking of austenitic stainless steel. Corrosion Science, 2010, vol. 52, no. 6, pp. 2015–2025. DOI: 10.1016/j.corsci.2010.02.035.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kovac J., Alaux C., Marrow T.J., Govekar E., Legat A. Correlations of electrochemical noise, acoustic emission and complementary monitoring techniques during intergranular stress-corrosion cracking of austenitic stainless steel // Corrosion Science. 2010. Vol. 52. № 6. P. 2015–2025. DOI: 10.1016/j.corsci.2010.02.035.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B16"><label>16.</label><mixed-citation>Li Q., Xie X., Wang Y., Pan W., Chen W., Chai M. Acoustic Emission Characteristics of s30408 Steel During Tensile Test // Experimental Techniques. 2026. DOI: 10.1007/s40799-026-00876-y.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B17"><label>17.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Proville L., Bakó B. Dislocation depinning from ordered nanophases in a model fcc crystal: from cutting mechanism to Orowan looping. Acta Materialia, 2010, vol. 58, no. 17, pp. 5565–5571. DOI: 10.1016/j.actamat.2010.06.018.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Proville L., Bakó B. Dislocation depinning from ordered nanophases in a model fcc crystal: from cutting mechanism to Orowan looping // Acta Materialia. 2010. Vol. 58. № 17. P. 5565–5571. DOI: 10.1016/j.actamat.2010.06.018.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B18"><label>18.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Barat V., Terentyev D., Bardakov V., Elizarov S. Analytical Modeling of Acoustic Emission Signals in Thin-Walled Objects. Applied Sciences, 2020, vol. 10, no. 1, article number 279. DOI: 10.3390/app10010279.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Barat V., Terentyev D., Bardakov V., Elizarov S. Analytical Modeling of Acoustic Emission Signals in Thin-Walled Objects // Applied Sciences. 2020. Vol. 10. № 1. Article number 279. DOI: 10.3390/app10010279.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list></back></article>
