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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Frontier Materials &amp; Technologies</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Frontier Materials &amp; Technologies</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Frontier Materials &amp; Technologies</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2782-4039</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2782-6074</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Togliatti State University</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">1187</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.18323/2782-4039-2026-1-75-9</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Articles</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Статьи</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Effect of high-temperature annealing on the structure and micromechanical properties of NiCrBSi coatings formed by high-velocity gas-thermal spraying</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Влияние высокотемпературного отжига на структуру и микромеханические свойства NiCrBSi покрытий, сформированных высокоскоростным газотермическим напылением</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9431-0170</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Stepchenkov</surname><given-names>Aleksandr K.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Степченков</surname><given-names>Александр Константинович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>junior researcher</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>младший научный сотрудник. </p></bio><email>alexander.stepchenkov@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2228-0643</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Makarov</surname><given-names>Aleksey V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Макаров</surname><given-names>Алексей Викторович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Doctor of Science (Engineering), Head of Department,Academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences,Head of Laboratory.</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>доктор технических наук, академик РАН,заведующий отделом и лабораторией</p></bio><email>avm@imp.uran.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7598-2980</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Soboleva</surname><given-names>Natalya N.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Соболева</surname><given-names>Наталья Николаевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD (Engineering),Head of sector.</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>кандидат технических наук,заведующий сектором.</p></bio><email>soboleva@imach.uran.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0179-5453</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Vopneruk</surname><given-names>Aleksandr A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Вопнерук</surname><given-names>Александр Александрович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD (Engineering),Project Manager. </p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>кандидат технических наук,руководитель проекта. </p></bio><email>vopneruk@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0005-9471-9378</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kotelnikov</surname><given-names>Aleksandr B.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Котельников</surname><given-names>Александр Борисович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>General Director</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>генеральный директор</p></bio><email>office@mashprom.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">M.N. Mikheev Institute of Metal Physics of the Ural Branch of RAS</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Институт физики металлов имени М.Н. Михеева Уральского отделения РАН</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Institute of Engineering Science of the Ural Branch of RAS</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Институт машиноведения имени Э.С. Горкунова Уральского отделения РАН</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff3"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">JSC “SPE Mashprom”</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">АО «НПП Машпром»</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2026-03-31" publication-format="electronic"><day>31</day><month>03</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><issue>1</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>107</fpage><lpage>119</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2026-03-31"><day>31</day><month>03</month><year>2026</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2026-03-31"><day>31</day><month>03</month><year>2026</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2026, Stepchenkov A.K., Makarov A.V., Soboleva N.N., Vopneruk A.A., Kotelnikov A.B.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2026, Степченков А.К., Макаров А.В., Соболева Н.Н., Вопнерук А.А., Котельников А.Б.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Stepchenkov A.K., Makarov A.V., Soboleva N.N., Vopneruk A.A., Kotelnikov A.B.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Степченков А.К., Макаров А.В., Соболева Н.Н., Вопнерук А.А., Котельников А.Б.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://vektornaukitech.ru/jour/article/view/1187">https://vektornaukitech.ru/jour/article/view/1187</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p><bold>Problem.</bold> Alloys of the NiCrBSi system are widely used for gas-thermal spraying of protective coatings due to their low melting point. However, coatings formed by high-velocity gas-thermal spraying are characterised by residual porosity and a layered structure, which limits their strength properties. A literature review revealed a lack of systematic data on the influence of subsequent high-temperature annealing on the transformation of the structural-phase composition, continuity, and the complex of micromechanical characteristics of such coatings. <bold>Aim.</bold> To evaluate the effect of vacuum annealing at 1050 °C on the structural-phase composition, continuity, and micromechanical properties (microhardness, Martens hardness, contact elastic modulus) of NiCrBSi coatings produced by high-velocity gas-thermal spraying. <bold>Methods.</bold> NiCrBSi alloy coatings were deposited by high-velocity gas-thermal spraying. The samples were subjected to vacuum annealing at 1050 °C with an isothermal hold of 2 h and subsequent furnace cooling. The study of structural-phase changes was carried out using scanning electron microscopy, X-ray phase analysis, and energy-dispersive X-ray microanalysis. Micromechanical properties were evaluated by measuring microhardness (recovered indentation method) and instrumented microindentation. <bold>Results.</bold> It was experimentally confirmed that annealing at 1050 °C leads to the formation of a dense homogeneous structure without layering. The formation of large strengthening phases – carbides (Cr<sub>7</sub>C<sub>3</sub> and Cr<sub>23</sub>C<sub>6</sub>) and CrB chromium borides – was recorded, which increases the strength characteristics of the coating during indentation by 25–30 %. It was found that the contact elastic modulus increases from 130 to 228 GPa due to the elimination of discontinuities. Additional heating to 900 °C does not cause changes in the structure and hardness, which confirms the high thermal stability of the coating subjected to high-temperature (at 1050 °C) annealing. <bold>Conclusions.</bold> Hightemperature vacuum annealing at 1050 °C is an effective post-treatment method for sprayed NiCrBSi coatings, providing a 1.3-fold increase in hardness and a 1.7-fold increase in the elastic modulus due to the formation of larger strengthening phases and a reduction in the number of discontinuities.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p><bold>Проблема.</bold> Сплавы системы NiCrBSi широко используются для газотермического напыления защитных покрытий благодаря низкой температуре плавления. Однако покрытия, сформированные высокоскоростным газотермическим напылением, характеризуются остаточной пористостью и слоистой структурой, что ограничивает их прочностные свойства. Анализ научной литературы выявил отсутствие систематических данных о влиянии последующего высокотемпературного отжига на трансформацию структурно-фазового состава, сплошность и комплекс микромеханических характеристик таких покрытий. <bold>Цель.</bold> Оценить влияние вакуумного отжига при температуре 1050 °C на структурно-фазовый состав, сплошность и микромеханические свойства (микротвердость, твердость по Мартенсу, контактный модуль упругости) NiCrBSi покрытий, полученных методом высокоскоростного газотермического напыления. <bold>Методы.</bold> Покрытия из сплава NiCrBSi наносили методом высокоскоростного газотермического напыления. Образцы подвергали вакуумному отжигу при 1050 °C с изотермической выдержкой 2 ч и последующим охлаждением в печи. Исследование структурно-фазовых изменений проводили методами сканирующей электронной микроскопии, рентгенофазового и микрорентгеноспектрального анализов. Микромеханические свойства оценивали путем измерения микротвердости (метод восстановленного отпечатка) и инструментального микроиндентирования. <bold>Результаты.</bold> Экспериментально подтверждено, что отжиг при 1050 °C приводит к формированию плотной гомогенной структуры без слоистости. Зафиксировано образование крупных упрочняющих фаз – карбидов (Cr<sub>7</sub>C<sub>3</sub> и Cr<sub>23</sub>C<sub>6</sub>) и боридов хрома CrB, что увеличивает прочностные характеристики покрытия при индентировании на 25–30 %. Установлено, что контактный модуль упругости возрастает со 130 до 228 ГПа за счет устранения несплошностей. Дополнительный нагрев до 900 °C не вызывает изменений структуры и твердости, что подтверждает высокую термическую стабильность покрытия, подвергнутого высокотемпературному (при 1050 °C) отжигу. <bold>Выводы.</bold> Высокотемпературный вакуумный отжиг при 1050 °C является эффективным методом постобработки напыленных NiCrBSi покрытий, обеспечивающим повышение твердости в 1,3 раза и модуля упругости в 1,7 раза за счет формирования более крупных упрочняющих фаз и уменьшения количества несплошностей.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>NiCrBSi</kwd><kwd>high-temperature annealing</kwd><kwd>nickel coatings</kwd><kwd>heat treatment</kwd><kwd>HVAF</kwd><kwd>gas-thermal spraying</kwd><kwd>instrumented microindentation</kwd><kwd>microstructural studies</kwd><kwd>phase composition</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>NiCrBSi</kwd><kwd>высокотемпературный отжиг</kwd><kwd>никелевые покрытия</kwd><kwd>термическая обработка</kwd><kwd>HVAF</kwd><kwd>газотермическое напыление</kwd><kwd>инструментальное микроиндентирование</kwd><kwd>микроструктурные исследования</kwd><kwd>фазовый состав</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="en">This work was carried out within the state assignment of the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation for the Institute of Metal Physics, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences (IMP UB RAS) and the Institute of Engineering Science, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences (IES UB RAS) under topic No. 124020600045-0. Microscopic images and micromechanical characteristics were obtained using the equipment of the Plastometriya Shared Research Facilities Center of the IES UB RAS. The authors express their gratitude to I.Yu. Malygina for assistance in preparing the material. The paper was written on the reports of the participants of the XII International School of Physical Materials Science (SPM-2025), Togliatti, September 15–19, 2025.</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Работа выполнена в рамках государственного задания Минобрнауки России для ИФМ УрО РАН и ИМАШ УрО РАН по теме № 124020600045-0. Микроскопические изображения и микромеханические характеристики получены с использованием оборудования ЦКП «Пластометрия» ИМАШ УрО РАН. Авторы выражают благодарность И.Ю. Малыгиной за помощь в подготовке материала. 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