Frontier Materials & TechnologiesFrontier Materials & TechnologiesFrontier Materials & Technologies2782-40392782-6074Togliatti State University118410.18323/2782-4039-2026-1-75-6ArticlesСтатьиResearch ArticleControlling the toughness of the interface zone of welded joints of dissimilar 32G2 and 10Kh11N23T3MR steels during rotary friction weldingУправление вязкостью зоны сопряжения сварных соединений разнородных сталей 32Г2 и 10Х11Н23Т3МР в процессе ротационной сварки трениемhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-4571-2410PriymakElena Y.ПриймакЕлена Юрьевна
Russian Federation

PhD (Engineering), Associate Professor,Head of the laboratory of metal science and heat treatment,senior researcher at the Research and education center for new materials and advanced technologies.

кандидат технических наук, доцент,заведующий лабораторией металловедения и термической обработки,старший научный сотрудник научно-образовательногоцентра новых материалов и перспективных технологий.

elena-pijjmak@yandex.ruSyomkaYaroslav S.СёмкаЯрослав Сергеевич
Russian Federation

postgraduate student,researcher at the Research and Education Center for New Materials and Advanced Technologies.

аспирант,научный сотрудник научно-образовательногоцентра новых материалов и перспективных технологий.

semkazbo@bk.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0003-4333-3123KamenevSergey V.КаменевСергей Владимирович
Russian Federation

PhD (Engineering), Associate Professor,assistant professor of Chair of Mechanical Engineering Technology,Metalworking Machines and Complexes.

кандидат технических наук, доцент,доцент кафедры технологии машиностроения,металлообрабатывающих станков и комплексов.

kamenev_sergey@mail.ruParamonovDanila S.ПарамоновДанила Сергеевич
Russian Federation

postgraduate student, senior lecturer of Chair of Production Technologies for Material Processing.

аспирант, старший преподаватель кафедры производственных технологий обработки материалов.

dsparam@mail.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0001-8918-3066YakovlevaIrina L.ЯковлеваИрина Леонидовна
Russian Federation

Doctor of Sciences (Engineering),chief researcher at the Physical Metallurgy Laboratory.

доктор технических наук,главный научный сотрудник лаборатории физического металловедения

labmet@imp.uran.ruJSC “ZBO Drill Industries Inc”АО «Завод бурового оборудования»Orenburg State University named after V.A. BondarenkoОренбургский государственный университет имени В.А. БондаренкоM.N. Mikheev Institute of Metal Physics of the Ural Branch of RASИнститут физики металлов имени М.Н. Михеева Уральского отделения РАН310320261698231032026Copyright ©; 2026, Priymak E.Y., Syomka Y.S., Kamenev S.V., Paramonov D.S., Yakovleva I.L.Copyright ©; 2026, Приймак Е.Ю., Сёмка Я.С., Каменев С.В., Парамонов Д.С., Яковлева И.Л.2026Priymak E.Y., Syomka Y.S., Kamenev S.V., Paramonov D.S., Yakovleva I.L.Приймак Е.Ю., Сёмка Я.С., Каменев С.В., Парамонов Д.С., Яковлева И.Л.https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0https://vektornaukitech.ru/jour/article/view/1184

Problem. Despite numerous studies on the problems of rotary friction welding of dissimilar materials, there is a lack of data on the influence of welding parameters on the formation of brittle phases in the mating zone of carbon and austenitic steels, which affect the structural strength of the joints. Aim. The objective of this study is to evaluate the influence of the friction force on the impact toughness of the mating zone of welded joints made of 32G2 and 10Kh11N23T3MR steels. Methods. Welded hollow cylindrical workpieces made of these steels with an outer diameter of 73 mm and a wall thickness of 12 mm were performed with friction force varying from 70 kN to 210 kN. The remaining parameters were held constant: forging force of 280 kN, friction speed of 600 rpm, upsetting during heating of 6 mm, and forging time of 3 s. Optical and scanning electron microscopy with EBSD and X-ray spectral analysis were used to study the microstructure of welded joints. Impact toughness tests were conducted on specimens with a V-shaped stress concentrator in the joint zone at room temperature. A detailed factual analysis of the fractured specimens was conducted, including an analysis of the chemical composition of individual characteristic areas with distinct fracture morphologies. Results. It was established that the presence of a titanium carbide phase, which forms in the joint zone during diffusion of elements during welding, leads to embrittlement of the joint and a decrease in impact toughness. Reducing the heating force to 70 kN increases the volume of metal extruded during forging, effectively removing the brittle phase and ensuring toughness in the joint zone comparable to that of austenitic steel. Conclusions. The obtained results demonstrated the fundamental possibility of producing joints from 32G2 and 10Kh11N23M3TR steels, which have high viscosity, are of practical interest and can be useful in developing technological modes for welding electric motor shafts and turbocharger rotors.

Проблема. Несмотря на многочисленные исследования проблем ротационной сварки трением разнородных материалов, отсутствуют данные по влиянию параметров сварки на формирование хрупких фаз в зоне сопряжения углеродистой и аустенитной стали, оказывающих влияние на конструкционную прочность соединений. Цель. Оценка влияния силы на этапе трения заготовок на ударную вязкость в зоне сопряжения сварных соединений из сталей 32Г2 и 10Х11Н23Т3МР. Методы. Произведена сварка полых цилиндрических заготовок из указанных сталей внешним диаметром 73 мм и толщиной стенки 12 мм при изменении силы на этапе трения в диапазоне от 70 до 210 кН. Остальные параметры были неизменными и составили: сила проковки 280 кН, частота вращения при трении 600 об/мин., осадка при нагреве 6 мм, время проковки 3 с. Для исследований микроструктуры сварных соединений использовали методы оптической и сканирующей электронной микроскопии с приставкой EBSD-анализа и рентгеноспектрального анализа. Испытания на ударную вязкость проводились на образцах с V-образным концентратором напряжения в зоне сопряжения при комнатной температуре. Проведен подробный фрактографический анализ разрушенных образцов с анализом химического состава отдельных характерных участков, отличающихся морфологией разрушения. Результаты. Установлено, что наличие карбидной фазы титана, формирующейся в зоне сопряжения в процессе диффузии элементов при сварке, приводит к охрупчиванию соединения и снижению ударной вязкости. При уменьшении силы на этапе нагрева до 70 кН увеличивается объем выдавливаемого металла при проковке, эффективно удаляя хрупкую фазу и обеспечивая вязкость в зоне сопряжения на уровне значений аустенитной стали. Выводы. Полученные результаты продемонстрировали принципиальную возможность получения соединений из сталей 32Г2 и 10Х11Н23М3ТР, обладающих высокой вязкостью, представляют практический интерес и могут быть полезны при разработке технологических режимов сварки валов электродвигателей и роторов турбокомпрессоров.

rotary friction weldingdissimilar jointmedium-carbon steelaustenitic steelinterface zoneimpact toughnessbrittle phaseротационная сварка трениемразнородное соединениесреднеуглеродистая стальаустенитная стальзона сопряженияударная вязкостьхрупкая фазаThe study was supported by the Russian Science Foundation grant No. 25-29-00333, https://rscf.ru/en/project/25-29-00333/. Electron microscopy investigations using electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) analysis were carried out at the “Electron Microscopy” Collaborative Access Center of the Institute of Physics of Metals, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences (IFM UrB RAS). The paper was written on the reports of the participants of the XII International School of Physical Materials Science (SPM-2025), Togliatti, September 15–19, 2025.Исследование выполнено за счет гранта Российского научного фонда 25-29-00333, https://rscf.ru/project/25-29-00333/. Электронно-микроскопические исследования с применением метода дифракции обратнорассеянных электронов выполнены в Центре коллективного пользования «Электронная микроскопия» ИФМ УрО РАН. Статья подготовлена по материалам докладов участников XII Международной школы «Физическое материаловедение» (ШФМ–2025), Тольятти, 15–19 сентября 2025 годаMeena P., Anant R. Residual stress mitigation in dissimilar T/P92 and AISI304L steel multi-pass weld joint using ER308L and ERNiCrMo-3 (IN625) fillers: simulation and experimental approach. Welding in the World, 2025, vol. 69, no. 10, pp. 1–34. DOI: 10.1007/s40194-025-02170-8.Meena P., Anant R. Residual stress mitigation in dissimilar T/P92 and AISI304L steel multi-pass weld joint using ER308L and ERNiCrMo-3 (IN625) fillers: simulation and experimental approach // Welding in the World. 2025. Vol. 69. № 10. P. 1–34. DOI: 10.1007/s40194-025-02170-8.Jihua Liu, Shitao Chen, Runting Zheng, Junjie Ou, Weijian Yang, Peng Li, Chenggang He, Ruxin Yu. Investigation of the Microstructures and Fracture Failure Mechanisms of Metal Active Gas Welded Joints of Dissimilar 304 Stainless Steels and Q235B/Q345 Low-Carbon Steels. Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance, 2025, vol. 34, pp. 20708–20718. DOI: 10.1007/s11665-025-10694-9.Jihua Liu, Shitao Chen, Runting Zheng, Junjie Ou, Weijian Yang, Peng Li, Chenggang He, Ruxin Yu. Investigation of the Microstructures and Fracture Failure Mechanisms of Metal Active Gas Welded Joints of Dissimilar 304 Stainless Steels and Q235B/Q345 Low-Carbon Steels // Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance. 2025. Vol. 34. P. 20708–20718. DOI: 10.1007/s11665-025-10694-9.Jiecai Feng, Longhui Tao, Hongfei Liu, Chuanwan Luo, Jinping Liu, Yilian Zhang, Meng Jiang, Xi Chen, Yingzhong Tian. Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Dissimilar Metal Welded Joints for Nuclear Applications Using Laser Welding with Dissimilar Filler Wire Addition. Metals and Materials International, 2025, vol. 31, no. 7, pp. 1–10. DOI: 10.1007/s12540-025-01996-7.Jiecai Feng, Longhui Tao, Hongfei Liu, Chuanwan Luo, Jinping Liu, Yilian Zhang, Meng Jiang, Xi Chen, Yingzhong Tian. Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Dissimilar Metal Welded Joints for Nuclear Applications Using Laser Welding with Dissimilar Filler Wire Addition // Metals and Materials International. 2025. Vol. 31. № 7. P. 1–10. DOI: 10.1007/s12540-025-01996-7.Ul-Hamid A., Tawancy H.M., Abbas N.M. Failure of weld joints between carbon steel pipe and 304 stainless steel elbows. Engineering Failure Analysis, 2005, vol. 12, no. 2, pp. 181–191. DOI: 10.1016/j.engfailanal.2004.07.003.Ul-Hamid A., Tawancy H.M., Abbas N.M. Failure of weld joints between carbon steel pipe and 304 stainless steel elbows // Engineering Failure Analysis. 2005. Vol. 12. № 2. P. 181–191. DOI: 10.1016/j.engfailanal.2004.07.003.Venkatakrishna A., Lakshminarayanan A., Vasantharaja P., Vasudevan M. Decisive impact of Filler-free joining processes on the Microstructural evolution, tensile and impact properties of 9Cr-1Mo-V-Nb to 316 L(N) dissimilar joints. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C: Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science, 2021, vol. 236, no. 5, pp. 2408–2427. DOI: 10.1177/09544062211029307.Venkatakrishna A., Lakshminarayanan A., Vasantharaja P., Vasudevan M. Decisive impact of Filler-free joining processes on the Microstructural evolution, tensile and impact properties of 9Cr-1Mo-V-Nb to 316 L(N) dissimilar joints // Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C: Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science. 2021. Vol. 236. № 5. P. 2408–2427. DOI: 10.1177/09544062211029307.Sunilkumar D., Muthukumaran S., Vasudevan M., Reddy M.G. Effect of friction stir and activated-GTA welding processes on the 9Cr–1Mo steel to 316LN stainless steel dissimilar weld joints. Science and Technology of Welding and Joining, 2020, vol. 25, no. 4, pp. 311–319. DOI: 10.1080/13621718.2019.1695347.Sunilkumar D., Muthukumaran S., Vasudevan M., Reddy M.G. Effect of friction stir and activated-GTA welding processes on the 9Cr–1Mo steel to 316LN stainless steel dissimilar weld joints // Science and Technology of Welding and Joining. 2020. Vol. 25. № 4. P. 311–319. DOI: 10.1080/13621718.2019.1695347.Sunilkumar D., Mathew J., Muthukumaran S., Vasudevan M. Friction Stir Welding of 2.25Cr-1Mo Steel to AISI 316LN Stainless Steel. Transactions of the Indian Institute of Metals, 2020, vol. 73, pp. 1689–1693. DOI: 10.1007/s12666-020-01984-y.Sunilkumar D., Mathew J., Muthukumaran S., Vasudevan M. Friction Stir Welding of 2.25Cr-1Mo Steel to AISI 316LN Stainless Steel // Transactions of the Indian Institute of Metals. 2020. Vol. 73. P. 1689–1693. DOI: 10.1007/s12666-020-01984-y.Wenya Li, Vairis A., Preuss M., Tiejun Ma. Linear and Rotary Friction Welding Review. International Materials Reviews, 2016, vol. 61, no. 2, pp. 71–100. DOI: 10.1080/09506608.2015.1109214.Wenya Li, Vairis A., Preuss M., Tiejun Ma. Linear and Rotary Friction Welding Review // International Materials Reviews. 2016. Vol. 61. № 2. P. 71–100. DOI: 10.1080/09506608.2015.1109214.Farbakhti M., Elmi Hosseini S.R., Mohammadi S.A.M., Sadatabhari S., Huo Yuan-ming, Ruifeng Li. Similar and Dissimilar Rotary Friction Welding of Steels: A Review of Microstructural Evolution and Mechanical Properties. Journal of Materials Research and Technology, 2025, vol. 36, pp. 8777–8803. DOI: 10.1016/j.jmrt.2025.05.079.Farbakhti M., Elmi Hosseini S.R., Mohammadi S.A.M., Sadatabhari S., Huo Yuan-ming, Ruifeng Li. Similar and Dissimilar Rotary Friction Welding of Steels: A Review of Microstructural Evolution and Mechanical Properties // Journal of Materials Research and Technology. 2025. Vol. 36. P. 8777–8803. DOI: 10.1016/j.jmrt.2025.05.079.Hong Ma, Guoliang Qin, Peihao Geng, Fei Li, Banglong Fu, Xiangmeng Meng. Microstructure characterization and properties of carbon steel to stainless steel dissimilar metal joint made by friction welding. Materials and Design, 2015, vol. 86, pp. 587–597. DOI: 10.1016/j.matdes.2015.07.068.Hong Ma, Guoliang Qin, Peihao Geng, Fei Li, Banglong Fu, Xiangmeng Meng. Microstructure characterization and properties of carbon steel to stainless steel dissimilar metal joint made by friction welding // Materials and Design. 2015. Vol. 86. P. 587–597. DOI: 10.1016/j.matdes.2015.07.068.Balalan Z., Yaz M., Ekinci O., Buldag S. Microstructure and mechanical properties of friction welded dissimilar AISI 1040 and AISI 304 steels. Materials Testing, 2025, vol. 67, no. 2, pp. 199–210. DOI: 10.1515/mt-2024-0156.Balalan Z., Yaz M., Ekinci O., Buldag S. Microstructure and mechanical properties of friction welded dissimilar AISI 1040 and AISI 304 steels // Materials Testing. 2025. Vol. 67. № 2. P. 199–210. DOI: 10.1515/mt-2024-0156.Banerjee A., Ntovas M., Laurie Da Silva, Rahimi S. Microstructure and mechanical properties of dissimilar inertia friction welded 316L stainless steel to A516 ferritic steel for potential applications in nuclear reactors. Manufacturing Letters, 2022, vol. 33, pp. 33–37. DOI: 10.1016/j.mfglet.2022.07.002.Banerjee A., Ntovas M., Laurie Da Silva, Rahimi S. Microstructure and mechanical properties of dissimilar inertia friction welded 316L stainless steel to A516 ferritic steel for potential applications in nuclear reactors // Manufacturing Letters. 2022. Vol. 33. P. 33–37. DOI: 10.1016/j.mfglet.2022.07.002.Paventhan R., Lakshminarayanan P., Balasubramanian V. Fatigue behavior of friction welded medium carbon steel, Fatigue behaviour of friction welded medium carbon steel and austenitic stainless steel dissimilar joints. Materials & Design, 2011, vol. 32, no. 4, pp. 1888–1894. DOI: 10.1016/j.matdes.2010.12.011.Paventhan R., Lakshminarayanan P., Balasubramanian V. Fatigue behavior of friction welded medium carbon steel, Fatigue behaviour of friction welded medium carbon steel and austenitic stainless steel dissimilar joints // Materials & Design. 2011. Vol. 32. № 4. P. 1888–1894. DOI: 10.1016/j.matdes.2010.12.011.Kurt B. The interface morphology of diffusion bonded dissimilar stainless steel and medium carbon steel couples. Journal of Materials Processing Technology, 2007, vol. 190, no. 1-3, pp. 138–141. DOI: 10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2007.03.063.Kurt B. The interface morphology of diffusion bonded dissimilar stainless steel and medium carbon steel couples // Journal of Materials Processing Technology. 2007. Vol. 190. № 1-3. P. 138–141. DOI: 10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2007.03.063.Jatavallabhula J.K., Satyanarayana V.V., Reddy G.S., Baridula R.R., Pappula B. Intelligent prediction of notch tensile strength in friction welded dissimilar stainless steel joints using machine learning. International Journal on Interactive Design and Manufacturing, 2026, vol. 20, pp. 265–283. DOI: 10.1007/s12008-025-02385-5.Jatavallabhula J.K., Satyanarayana V.V., Reddy G.S., Baridula R.R., Pappula B. Intelligent prediction of notch tensile strength in friction welded dissimilar stainless steel joints using machine learning // International Journal on Interactive Design and Manufacturing. 2026. Vol. 20. P. 265–283. DOI: 10.1007/s12008-025-02385-5.Belkahla Y., Mazouzi A., Lebouachera S.E.I., Hassan A.J., Fides M., Hvizdos P., Cheniti B., Miroud D. Rotary friction welded C45 to 16NiCr6 steel rods: statistical optimization coupled to mechanical and microstructure approaches. International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, 2021, vol. 116, pp. 2285–2298. DOI: 10.1007/s00170-021-07597-z.Belkahla Y., Mazouzi A., Lebouachera S.E.I., Hassan A.J., Fides M., Hvizdos P., Cheniti B., Miroud D. Rotary friction welded C45 to 16NiCr6 steel rods: statistical optimization coupled to mechanical and microstructure approaches // International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology. 2021. Vol. 116. P. 2285–2298. DOI: 10.1007/s00170-021-07597-z.Ananthapadmanaban D., Seshagiri Rao V., Abraham N., Prasad Rao K. A study of mechanical properties of friction welded mild steel to stainless steel joints. Materials & Design, 2009, vol. 30, no. 7, pp. 2642–2646. DOI: 10.1016/j.matdes.2008.10.030.Ananthapadmanaban D., Seshagiri Rao V., Abraham N., Prasad Rao K. A study of mechanical properties of friction welded mild steel to stainless steel joints // Materials & Design. 2009. Vol. 30. № 7. P. 2642–2646. DOI: 10.1016/j.matdes.2008.10.030.Firmanto H., Candra S., Hadiyat M.A., Triastomo Y.P., Wirawan I. Tensile strength and microstructure of rotary-friction-welded carbon-steel and stainless-steel joints. Journal of Manufacturing and Materials Processing, 2022, vol. 7, no. 1, article number 7. DOI: 10.3390/jmmp7010007.Firmanto H., Candra S., Hadiyat M.A., Triastomo Y.P., Wirawan I. Tensile strength and microstructure of rotary-friction-welded carbon-steel and stainless-steel joints // Journal of Manufacturing and Materials Processing. 2022. Vol. 7. № 1. Article number 7. DOI: 10.3390/jmmp7010007.Anderson T.L. Fracture Mechanics: Fundamentals and Applications. 4th ed. USA, CRC Press Publ., 2017. 684 p. DOI: 10.1201/9781315370293.Anderson T.L. Fracture Mechanics: Fundamentals and Applications. 4th ed. USA: CRC Press, 2017. 684 p. DOI: 10.1201/9781315370293.Banerjee A., da Silva L., Rahimi S. Finite element modelling of transient behaviours and microstructural evolution during dissimilar rotary friction welding of 316 austenitic stainless steel to A516 ferritic steel. Journal of Advanced Joining Processes, 2023, vol. 8, article number 100167. DOI: 10.1016/j.jajp.2023.100167.Banerjee A., da Silva L., Rahimi S. Finite element modelling of transient behaviours and microstructural evolution during dissimilar rotary friction welding of 316 austenitic stainless steel to A516 ferritic steel // Journal of Advanced Joining Processes. 2023. Vol. 8. Article number 100167. DOI: 10.1016/j.jajp.2023.100167.Peihao Geng, Guoliang Qin, Jun Zhou. Numerical and experimental investigation on friction welding of austenite stainless steel and middle carbon steel. Journal of Manufacturing Processes, 2019, vol. 47, pp. 83–97. DOI: 10.1016/j.jmapro.2019.09.016.Peihao Geng, Guoliang Qin, Jun Zhou. Numerical and experimental investigation on friction welding of austenite stainless steel and middle carbon steel // Journal of Manufacturing Processes. 2019. Vol. 47. P. 83–97. DOI: 10.1016/j.jmapro.2019.09.016.Montheillet F. Dynamic Recrystallization Behaviours in Metals and Alloys. Materials, 2023, vol. 16, no. 3, article number 976. DOI: 10.3390/ma16030976.Montheillet F. Dynamic Recrystallization Behaviours in Metals and Alloys // Materials. 2023. Vol. 16. № 3. Article number 976. DOI: 10.3390/ma16030976.Lalvani H., Mandal P., Yaghi A., Santos P., Baufeld B. A solid-state joining approach to manufacture of transition joints for high integrity applications. Journal of Manufacturing Processes, 2022, vol. 73, pp. 90–111. DOI: 10.1016/j.jmapro.2021.10.058.Lalvani H., Mandal P., Yaghi A., Santos P., Baufeld B. A solid-state joining approach to manufacture of transition joints for high integrity applications // Journal of Manufacturing Processes. 2022. Vol. 73. P. 90–111. DOI: 10.1016/j.jmapro.2021.10.058.Das R., Sivaswamy G., Lalvani H., Singh A.P. Fracture toughness and microstructural analysis of rotary friction welded S355J2 and SS316L steels for critical applications. Journal of Advanced Joining Processes, 2024, vol. 10, article number 100244. DOI: 10.1016/j.jajp.2024.100244.Das R., Sivaswamy G., Lalvani H., Singh A.P. Fracture toughness and microstructural analysis of rotary friction welded S355J2 and SS316L steels for critical applications // Journal of Advanced Joining Processes. 2024. Vol. 10. Article number 100244. DOI: 10.1016/j.jajp.2024.100244.