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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Frontier Materials &amp; Technologies</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Frontier Materials &amp; Technologies</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Frontier Materials &amp; Technologies</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2782-4039</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2782-6074</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Togliatti State University</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">1181</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.18323/2782-4039-2026-1-75-3</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Articles</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Статьи</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Wave deformation hardening in hybrid WAAM technology: finding optimal modes using 08G2S steel as an example</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Волновое деформационное упрочнение в гибридной технологии WAAM: поиск режимов на примере стали 08Г2С</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3823-0501</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kirichek</surname><given-names>Andrey V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Киричек</surname><given-names>Андрей Викторович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Doctor of Sciences (Engineering), Professor,Vice-Rector for Strategic Development</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>доктор технических наук, профессор,проректор по перспективному развитию</p></bio><email>avkbgtu@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4475-319X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Solovyev</surname><given-names>Dmitry L.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Соловьев</surname><given-names>Дмитрий Львович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Doctor of Sciences (Engineering), Professor,professor of Chair of Mechanical Engineering Technology</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>доктор технических наук, профессор,профессор кафедры «Технология машиностроения»</p></bio><email>murstin@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3186-1300</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Yashin</surname><given-names>Aleksandr V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Яшин</surname><given-names>Александр Васильевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD (Engineering), Associate Professor,Head of Chair of Mechanical Engineering Technology</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>кандидат технических наук, доцент,заведующий кафедрой «Технология машиностроения».</p></bio><email>yashin2102@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3524-385X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Silantyev</surname><given-names>Sergey A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Силантьев</surname><given-names>Сергей Александрович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD (Engineering), Associate Professor,assistant professor of Chair of Mechanical Engineering Technology.</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>кандидат технических наук, доцент,доцент кафедры «Технология машиностроения».</p></bio><email>ppdsio@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Bryansk State Technical University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Брянский государственный технический университет</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Vladimir State University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Владимирский государственный университет</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2026-03-31" publication-format="electronic"><day>31</day><month>03</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><issue>1</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>27</fpage><lpage>37</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2026-03-31"><day>31</day><month>03</month><year>2026</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2026-03-31"><day>31</day><month>03</month><year>2026</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2026, Kirichek A.V., Solovyev D.L., Yashin A.V., Silantyev S.A.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2026, Киричек А.В., Соловьев Д.Л., Яшин А.В., Силантьев С.А.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Kirichek A.V., Solovyev D.L., Yashin A.V., Silantyev S.A.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Киричек А.В., Соловьев Д.Л., Яшин А.В., Силантьев С.А.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://vektornaukitech.ru/jour/article/view/1181">https://vektornaukitech.ru/jour/article/view/1181</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p><bold>Problem.</bold> The widespread adoption of additive manufacturing technologies, particularly the WAAM method, is hindered by the insufficient level of mechanical properties of synthesized products: microstructural heterogeneity, porosity, and high residual stresses. A promising direction for solving this problem is the application of hybrid technologies combining additive manufacturing with subsequent processing. <bold>Aim.</bold> To determine the rational range of wave deformation hardening (WDH) modes when used in hybrid technology for synthesizing products by the WAAM method, ensuring an increase in the mechanical properties (hardness and impact toughness) of the synthesized product. <bold>Methods.</bold> Samples of 08G2S steel produced by the WAAM method were subjected to WDH using a specialized setup with a hydraulic pulse generator. In a three-stage experiment, the sample heating temperature (300–700 °C), the overlap coefficient of plastic imprints (0.3–0.7), and the processing frequency (every layer, every third, every fifth, and every seventh deposited layer) were varied. Vickers hardness through the depth, the degree of hardening, and KCU impact toughness were measured. <bold>Results.</bold> It was established that maximum hardening is achieved at a temperature of 500 °C, an overlap coefficient of 0.3–0.6, and processing of every third deposited layer. This made it possible not only to increase the material hardness by 8–13 % at a depth of more than 12 mm and increase impact toughness by up to 14 %, ensuring uniformity of properties throughout the product volume, but also to improve the productivity of the hybrid process. <bold>Conclusions.</bold> The developed methodology makes it possible to control effectively the mechanical properties of WAAM products by determining rational parameters of wave deformation hardening. The proposed approach can be used in the manufacture of critical components in mechanical engineering.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p><bold>Проблема.</bold> Широкое внедрение аддитивных технологий, в частности WAAM-метода, сдерживается недостаточным уровнем механических свойств синтезированных изделий: неоднородностью микроструктуры, пористостью и высокими остаточными напряжениями. Перспективным направлением решения данной проблемы является применение гибридных технологий, сочетающих аддитивное производство с последующей обработкой. <bold>Цель.</bold> Определение рационального диапазона режимов ВДУ при его использовании в гибридной технологии синтеза изделий WAAM-методом, обеспечивающего повышение механических свойств (твердости и ударной вязкости) синтезированного изделия. <bold>Методы.</bold> Образцы из стали 08Г2С, полученные WAAM-методом, подвергали ВДУ на специализированной установке с гидравлическим генератором импульсов. В ходе трехэтапного эксперимента варьировали температуру нагрева образцов (300–700 °С), коэффициент перекрытия пластических отпечатков (0,3– 0,7) и периодичность обработки (каждый, каждый третий, каждый пятый и каждый седьмой наплавленный слой). Измеряли твердость по Виккерсу по глубине, степень упрочнения и ударную вязкость KCU. <bold>Результаты.</bold> Установлено, что максимальное упрочнение достигается при температуре 500 °C, коэффициенте перекрытия 0,3–0,6 и обработке каждого третьего наплавленного слоя. Это позволило не только повысить твердость материала на 8–13 % на глубине более 12 мм и увеличить ударную вязкость до 14 %, обеспечив однородность свойств по всему объему изделия, но и повысить производительность гибридного процесса. <bold>Выводы. </bold>Разработанная методика позволяет эффективно управлять механическими свойствами WAAM-изделий за счет определения рациональных параметров волнового деформационного упрочнения. Предложенный подход может быть использован при изготовлении ответственных деталей в машиностроении</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>wave deformation hardening</kwd><kwd>WAAM</kwd><kwd>wire arc additive manufacturing</kwd><kwd>hybrid additive manufacturing</kwd><kwd>08G2S steel</kwd><kwd>surface hardness</kwd><kwd>impact toughness</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>волновое деформационное упрочнение</kwd><kwd>ВДУ</kwd><kwd>WAAM</kwd><kwd>направленная энергетическая наплавка</kwd><kwd>гибридная аддитивная технология</kwd><kwd>сталь 08Г2С</kwd><kwd>поверхностная твердость</kwd><kwd>ударная вязкость</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="en">The work was supported by the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation, the work “Conducting Fundamental Scientific Research” within the framework of the basic part of the state assignment of the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation under project No. FZWR-2024-0003 (No. 075- 00150-24-03) “Development of a technological strategy and theoretical-experimental study of key elements of the technology for additive synthesis of metal wire parts by the 3DMP method and deformation thermal strain hardening of synthesized machine parts”.</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Работа выполнена при поддержке Министерства науки и высшего образования РФ, работа «Проведение фундаментальных научных исследований» в рамках базовой части государственного задания Минобрнауки РФ по проекту №FZWR-2024-0003 (№ 075-00150-24-03) «Разработка технологической стратегии и теоретико-экспериментальное исследование ключевых элементов технологии аддитивного синтеза из металлической проволоки деталей 3DMP-методом и волнового термодеформационного упрочнения синтезируемых деталей машин».</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tomar B., Shiva S., Nath T. 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