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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Frontier Materials &amp; Technologies</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Frontier Materials &amp; Technologies</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Frontier Materials &amp; Technologies</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2782-4039</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2782-6074</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Togliatti State University</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">1145</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.18323/2782-4039-2025-4-74-5</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Articles</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Статьи</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Structural-phase state and microhardness of reduced-activation 12-% chromium ferritic-martensitic steel after thermomechanical processing with deformation at 1000 °C and 1100 °C</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Структурно-фазовое состояние и микротвердость малоактивируемой 12%-ной хромистой ферритно-мартенситной стали после термомеханических обработок с деформацией при 1000 и 1100 °C</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8975-1553</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Osipova</surname><given-names>Valeria V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Осипова</surname><given-names>Валерия Васильевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>postgraduate student of Chair of Physics of Metals, research engineer at the Laboratory of Materials Science of Shape Memory Alloys</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>аспирант кафедры физики металлов, инженер-исследователь лаборатории материаловедения сплавов с памятью формы</p></bio><email>lera.linnik.1999@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9076-5469</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Polekhina</surname><given-names>Nadezhda A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Полехина</surname><given-names>Надежда Александровна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD (Physics and Mathematics), Senior Researcher at the Laboratory of Materials Science of Shape Memory Alloys</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>кандидат физико-математических наук, старший научный сотрудник лаборатории материаловедения сплавов с памятью формы</p></bio><email>nap@ispms.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5892-3719</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Litovchenko</surname><given-names>Igor Yu.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Литовченко</surname><given-names>Игорь Юрьевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Doctor of Sciences (Physics and Mathematics), Associate Professor, Chief Researcher at the Laboratory of Materials Science of Shape Memory Alloys</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>доктор физико-математических наук, доцент, главный научный сотрудник лаборатории материаловедения сплавов с памятью формы</p></bio><email>litovchenko@ispms.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">National Research Tomsk State University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Национальный исследовательский Томский государственный университет</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Institute of Strength Physics and Materials Science of Siberian Branch of RAS</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Институт физики прочности и материаловедения Сибирского отделения РАН</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2025-12-29" publication-format="electronic"><day>29</day><month>12</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><issue>4</issue><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>61</fpage><lpage>68</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2025-12-29"><day>29</day><month>12</month><year>2025</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2025-12-29"><day>29</day><month>12</month><year>2025</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2025, Osipova V.V., Polekhina N.A., Litovchenko I.Y.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2025, Осипова В.В., Полехина Н.А., Литовченко И.Ю.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Osipova V.V., Polekhina N.A., Litovchenko I.Y.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Осипова В.В., Полехина Н.А., Литовченко И.Ю.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://vektornaukitech.ru/jour/article/view/1145">https://vektornaukitech.ru/jour/article/view/1145</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Russian 12-% chromium ferritic-martensitic EK-181 steel (RUSFER-EK-181 Fe–12Cr–2W–V–Ta–B) is a promising structural material for power plants. This paper investigates the effect of thermomechanical processing with plastic deformation in the austenitic region at 1000 °C and 1100 °C on the structural and phase state of EK-181 ferritic-martensitic steel and its microhardness value. The results of the study demonstrated that under these thermomechanical processing conditions, a microstructure forms characterized by martensitic laths, fine plates of cementite and retained austenite, as well as MX-type carbonitride particles (M – V, Ta, Ti; X – C, N). Under high-temperature tempering (720 °C, 1 h), the thermomechanically processed steel exhibits coarsening of structural elements, a reduction in dislocation density, and precipitation of M<sub>23</sub>C<sub>6</sub> carbides (M – Cr, Fe, Mn, W). Meanwhile, MX carbonitrides exhibit high thermal stability and retain their sizes. After tempering, cementite and retained austenite were not detected. A decrease in the deformation temperature leads to an increase in crystal lattice microdistortions and a reduction in coherent scattering regions. The obtained results were compared with the microstructural characteristics of the studied steel after conventional heat treatment (CHT). It was demonstrated that plastic deformation in the austenitic region ensures a reduction in the average size of prior austenite grains by 2 times, martensitic laths by 1.5 times, and M<sub>23</sub>C<sub>6</sub> particles by 2 times compared to the CHT condition. Furthermore, higher dislocation densities and crystal lattice microdistortion values are observed. After thermomechanical processing with deformation at 1000 °C and 1100 °C, microhardness values reach 4.6 GPa and 3.9 GPa, respectively. Subsequent high-temperature tempering reduces microhardness to 2.8 GPa and 2.9 GPa, respectively. These microhardness values after thermomechanical processing and tempering are 10 % higher than values achieved after conventional heat treatment.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Российская 12%-ная хромистая ферритно-мартенситная сталь ЭК-181 (RUSFER-EK-181 Fe–12Cr–2W–V–Ta–B) является перспективным конструкционным материалом для энергетических установок. В работе изучено влияние термомеханических обработок с пластической деформацией в аустенитной области при 1000 и 1100 °C на структурно-фазовое состояние ферритно-мартенситной стали ЭК-181 и значения ее микротвердости. Результаты исследования показали, что в условиях указанных термомеханических обработок формируется микроструктура, характеризующаяся мартенситными ламелями, тонкими пластинами цементита и остаточного аустенита, а также частицами карбонитридов типа МХ (М – V, Ta, Ti; X – C, N). В условиях высокотемпературного отпуска (720 °C, 1 ч) после термомеханической обработки происходит увеличение размеров структурных элементов, снижение плотности дислокаций и выделение карбидов М<sub>23</sub>С<sub>6</sub> (M – Cr, Fe, Mn, W). При этом карбонитриды МХ демонстрируют высокую термическую стабильность и сохраняют свои размеры. После отпуска цементит и остаточный аустенит не были обнаружены. Понижение температуры деформации приводит к повышению микроискажений кристаллической решетки и уменьшению областей когерентного рассеяния. Проведено сравнение полученных результатов с особенностями микроструктуры исследуемой стали после традиционной термической обработки (ТТО). Показано, что пластическая деформация в аустенитной области обеспечивает уменьшение средних размеров бывших аустенитных зерен в 2 раза, мартенситных ламелей – в 1,5 раза и частиц М<sub>23</sub>С<sub>6</sub> – в 2 раза по сравнению с состоянием после ТТО. Кроме того, наблюдаются более высокие плотность дислокаций и значения микроискажений кристаллической решетки. После термомеханических обработок с деформацией при 1000 и 1100 °С значения микротвердости достигают значений 4,6 и 3,9 ГПа соответственно. В результате высокотемпературного отпуска происходит снижение микротвердости до 2,8 и 2,9 ГПа соответственно. Указанные значения микротвердости после термомеханической обработки и отпуска на 10 % превышают таковые после ТТО. </p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>ferritic-martensitic steel</kwd><kwd>thermomechanical processing</kwd><kwd>deformation</kwd><kwd>microstructure</kwd><kwd>microhardness</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>ферритно-мартенситная сталь</kwd><kwd>термомеханическая обработка</kwd><kwd>деформация</kwd><kwd>микроструктура</kwd><kwd>микротвердость</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="en">This work was performed within the state assignment of the Institute of Strength Physics and Materials Science, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences (ISPMS SB RAS), project No. FWRW-2021-0008. The authors thank Doctor of Sciences (Physics and Mathematics), Professor V.M. Chernov (Academician A.A. Bochvar All-Russian Advanced Research Institute of Inorganic Materials, JSC, Moscow) for providing the steel samples, and PhD (Engineering), Senior Researcher I.S. Kamantsev (Institute of Engineering Science, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Yekaterinburg) for performing the thermomechanical treatments of the steel. The paper was written on the reports of the participants of the XII International School of Physical Materials Science (SPM-2025), Togliatti, September 15–19, 2025.</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Работа выполнена в рамках государственного задания ИФПМ СО РАН, проект № FWRW-2021-0008. Авторы благодарят д. ф.-м. н., профессора В.М. Чернова (АО ВНИИНМ им. Бочвара, Москва) за предоставление образцов стали и к. т. н., с. н. с. И.С. Каманцева (ИМАШ УРО РАН, Екатеринбург) за проведение термомеханических обработок стали. 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