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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Frontier Materials &amp; Technologies</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Frontier Materials &amp; Technologies</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Frontier Materials &amp; Technologies</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2782-4039</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2782-6074</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Togliatti State University</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">1112</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.18323/2782-4039-2025-3-73-5</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Articles</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Статьи</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Special aspects of microstructure formation in Cu–Cr–Zr–Y bronze under low-temperature friction stir processing</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Особенности формирования микроструктуры в Cu–Cr–Zr–Y бронзе в условиях низкотемпературной обработки трением с перемешиванием</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5417-9857</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Nikitin</surname><given-names>Ivan S.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Никитин</surname><given-names>Иван Сергеевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD (Engineering), junior researcher of the Laboratory of Mechanical Properties of Nanostructured Materials and Superalloys</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>кандидат технических наук, младший научный сотрудник лаборатории механических свойств наноструктурных и жаропрочных материалов</p></bio><email>nikitin_i@bsuedu.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7534-0542</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kalinenko</surname><given-names>Aleksandr A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Калиненко</surname><given-names>Александр Андреевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD (Physics and Mathematics), junior researcher of the Laboratory of Mechanical Properties of Nanostructured Materials and Superalloys</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>кандидат физико-математических наук, младший научный сотрудник лаборатории механических свойств наноструктурных и жаропрочных материалов</p></bio><email>kalinenko@bsuedu.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9145-3723</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Malopheyev</surname><given-names>Sergey S.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Малофеев</surname><given-names>Сергей Сергеевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD (Engineering), senior researcher of the Laboratory of Mechanical Properties of Nanostructured Materials and Superalloys</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>кандидат технических наук, старший научный сотрудник лаборатории механических свойств наноструктурных и жаропрочных материалов</p></bio><email>malofeev@bsuedu.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Mironov</surname><given-names>Sergey Yu.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Миронов</surname><given-names>Сергей Юрьевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Doctor of Sciences (Physics and Mathematics), leading researcher of the Laboratory of Mechanical Properties of Nanostructured Materials and Superalloys</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>доктор физико-математических наук, ведущий научный сотрудник лаборатории механических свойств наноструктурных и жаропрочных материалов</p></bio><email>mironov@bsuedu.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Bodyakova</surname><given-names>Anna I.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Бодякова</surname><given-names>Анна Игоревна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD (Physics and Mathematics), researcher of the Laboratory of Mechanical Properties of Nanostructured Materials and Superalloys</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>кандидат физико-математических наук, научный сотрудник лаборатории механических свойств наноструктурных и жаропрочных материалов</p></bio><email>morozova_ai@bsuedu.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Belgorod State University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Белгородский государственный национальный исследовательский университет</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2025-09-30" publication-format="electronic"><day>30</day><month>09</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><issue>3</issue><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>67</fpage><lpage>80</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2025-09-30"><day>30</day><month>09</month><year>2025</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2025-09-30"><day>30</day><month>09</month><year>2025</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2025, Nikitin I.S., Kalinenko A.A., Malopheyev S.S., Mironov S.Yu., Bodyakova A.I.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2025, Никитин И.С., Калиненко А.А., Малофеев С.С., Миронов С.Ю., Бодякова А.И.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Nikitin I.S., Kalinenko A.A., Malopheyev S.S., Mironov S.Yu., Bodyakova A.I.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Никитин И.С., Калиненко А.А., Малофеев С.С., Миронов С.Ю., Бодякова А.И.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://vektornaukitech.ru/jour/article/view/1112">https://vektornaukitech.ru/jour/article/view/1112</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The use of friction stir treatment (FST) to modify the physical and mechanical properties of age-hardenable low-alloyed bronzes is a promising and at the same time complex task due to the wide temperature range of its implementation. The difficulty is that friction stir treatment of bronzes can result in the formation of fundamentally different types of microstructures with a wide range of grain sizes and various combinations of types of strengthening phases and their various morphologies. Moreover, options are possible when friction stir treatment leads to degradation of properties of bronzes. A favorable combination of properties can be achieved by low-temperature friction stir treatment. In this work, the main microstructural changes in promising Cu–Cr–Zr–Y bronze were analyzed during low-temperature friction stir treatment with a tool rotation speed of 1000 rpm and a feed rate of 25 mm/min (ensuring a temperature in the stir zone of ≈350 °C). Scanning electron microscopy and EBSD analysis revealed the mechanisms of formation of an ultrafine-grained structure with predominantly high-angle boundaries, as well as the development of two types of simple shear crystallographic textures. It is shown that the Cu<italic><sub>x</sub></italic>(Y,Zr) phase observed in the initial structure can undergo mechanical destruction or retain its geometric parameters depending on its initial morphology and location. It is shown for the first time that excess Cr particles (the equilibrium fraction at the heating temperature for quenching) may not be destroyed, but plastically deformed with a strong change in their morphology. During friction stir treatment of the bronze under study, particles of a new Y-containing phase are released. The paper considered the relationship of the distribution of microhardness and electrical conductivity and the observed changes in the microstructure of a new promising material.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Применение обработки трением с перемешиванием (ОТП) для модификации физических и механических свойств термически упрочняемых низколегированных бронз является перспективной и одновременно сложной задачей по причине широкого температурного интервала его осуществления. Сложность в том, что в результате ОТП бронз могут формироваться кардинально разные типы микроструктур с широким диапазоном размеров зерен и различным сочетанием типов упрочняющих фаз и их разнообразных морфологий. Более того, возможны варианты, при которых ОТП приводит к деградации свойств бронз. Благоприятное сочетание свойств может быть достигнуто в результате осуществления низкотемпературной ОТП. В рамках работы проведен анализ основных микроструктурных изменений перспективной Cu–Cr–Zr–Y бронзы при ОТП со скоростью вращения инструмента 1000 об/мин и скоростью подачи 25 мм/мин (обеспечивающих температуру в зоне перемешивания ≈350 °С) – низкотемпературной ОТП. Методами растровой электронной микроскопии и EBSD-анализа выявлены механизмы формирования ультрамелкозернистой структуры с преимущественно большеугловыми границами, а также развитие двух типов кристаллографических текстур простого сдвига. Показано, что фаза Cu<italic><sub>x</sub></italic>(Y,Zr), наблюдающаяся в исходной структуре, может претерпевать механическое разрушение или же сохранять геометрические параметры в зависимости от своей исходной морфологии и расположения. Впервые показано, что избыточные частицы Cr (равновесная доля при температуре нагрева под закалку) могут не разрушаться, а пластически деформироваться с сильным изменением своей морфологии. При ОТП исследуемой бронзы происходит выделение частиц новой Y-содержащей фазы. Рассмотрена взаимосвязь распределения микротвердости и электропроводности с наблюдаемыми изменениями микроструктуры в новом перспективном материале.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>friction stir processing</kwd><kwd>low-alloyed bronzes</kwd><kwd>recrystallization</kwd><kwd>secondary phases</kwd><kwd>electrical conductivity</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>обработка трением с перемешиванием</kwd><kwd>низколегированные бронзы</kwd><kwd>рекристаллизация</kwd><kwd>вторичные фазы</kwd><kwd>электропроводность</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="en">The study was supported by grant No. 24-29-00628 from the Russian Science Foundation (https://rscf.ru/project/24-29-00628/) using the equipment of the Common Use Center “Technology and materials of BSU”.</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Исследование выполнено за счет гранта Российского научного фонда № 24-29-00628 (https://rscf.ru/project/24-29-00628/) с использованием оборудования Центра коллективного пользования «Технологии и Материалы НИУ "БелГУ"».</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Makarov A.V., Lezhnin N.V., Kotelnikov A.B., Vopneruk A.A., Korobov Yu.S., Valiullin A.I., Volkova E.G. 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