Frontier Materials & Technologies

Peer-reviewed scholarly journal published quarterly since 2008.

 

Publisher & Founder

Togliatti State University, Togliatti, Russia
WEB: https://www.tltsu.ru/en 

 

Editor-in-Chief

Mikhail M. Krishtal
Doctor of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Professor
Scopus
 ResearcherID ORCID

 

About

Languages: Russian, English. Since 2023, all the articles are published in parallel Russian and English.

Periodicity: quarterly (March 31, June 30, September 30, December 30).

Average time from submission of a manuscript to acceptance for publication: 90 days.

There are no publication fees or fees payable to authors.

The Journal offers authors direct open access to its content.

The journal is included in Scopus (from 2021), CNKI (China National Knowledge Infrastructure), DOAJ (Directory of Open Access Journals).

The journal is included in the List of Peer-reviewed Journals of Higher Attestation Commission, and the research results of a DSc or CSc thesis are recommended to be published in the journal.

For the Russian Science Citation Index, full bibliographic description of all papers are indexed and listed in the Scientific Electronic Library eLIBRARY.RU.

The journal is included in the core of RSCI.

Five-year 2022 Russian Science Citation Index Impact Factor is 0.123 (with no self-citations).

Before December 2021 - Science Vector of Togliatti State University / Vektor nauki Tol'yattinskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta.

 

The Subjects for Publishing

The journal publishes original papers in the following areas:

  • Mechanical Engineering and Machine Science
    • Machine Science (Engineering)
    • Friction and Wear in Machines (Engineering)
    • Robotics, Mechatronics and Robotical Systems (Engineering)
    • Technology and Equipment for Mechanical, Physical and Technical Treatment (Engineering)
    • Technologies and Machines for Pressure Treatment (Engineering)
    • Welding and Allied Processes and Technologies (Engineering)
    • Methods and Devices for Control and Diagnostics of Materials, Goods, Substances and Natural Environment (Engineering)
  • Metallurgy and Materials Science
    • Physical Metallurgy and Heat Treating of Metals and Alloys(Engineering)
    • Metallurgy of Ferrous, Non-Ferrous and Rare Metals (Engineering)
    • Pressure Treatment of Metals and Alloys (Engineering)
    • Nanotechnologies and Nanomaterials (Physics and Mathematics)
    • Materials Science (Engineering)

Current Issue

No 4 (2023)

Cover Page
The influence of thermal treatment on microstructure and mechanical properties of the Si-rich Al–Mg–Si–Sc–Zr alloy
Aryshenskiy E.V., Lapshov M.A., Konovalov S.V., Malkin K.A., Rasposienko D.Y., Makarov V.V.
Abstract

The paper studies the Al–Mg–Si alloy that does not contain scandium and zirconium, as well as the silicon-rich Al–Mg–Si–Sc–Zr alloy. Multistage thermal treatment was carried out for the Al0.3Mg1Si0.3Sc0.15Zr alloy, which included annealing at a temperature of 440 °C for 8 h, high-temperature annealing at 500 °C for 0.5 h, and artificial aging at a temperature of 180 °C with soaking for 5 h. The Al0.3Mg1Si alloy was annealed at 550 °C for 8 h, and then artificial aging was carried out similarly to the alloy with Sc and Zr additives. To study the fine structure, transmission electron microscopy was used. In the as-cast condition and after each stage of thermal treatment, the mechanical properties of the alloys were determined. It has been found that in an alloy doped with Sc and Zr, the formation of Al3Sc particles occurs already at the stage of formation of the cast structure. During subsequent artificial aging, the supersaturated solid solution decomposes with the formation of β" (Mg5Si6) particles improving mechanical properties. It has been found that in the scandium-containing alloy, fewer β" (Mg5Si6) particles are formed, as a result of which its strength properties are slightly worse than those of the base alloy are. Moreover, these particles are larger than in an alloy that does not contain scandium. This is explained by the fact that complete quenching is impossible for an alloy with scandium additives.

Frontier Materials & Technologies. 2023;(4):9-17
pages 9-17 views
Sorption properties of layered double hydroxides produced by ultrasonic exposure
Golubev R.A., Rubanik V.V., Rubanik Jr. V.V., Kritchenkov I.S., Kritchenkov A.S.
Abstract

Layered double hydroxides (LDH) can be classified as promising materials due to the ease of synthesis, as well as their wide scope of application. However, the process of LDH synthesis, depending on the LDH chemical composition, can take from tens of hours to several days. It was previously identified that ultrasound exposure during the LDH production significantly reduces the synthesis time, and LDHs produced in this way are interesting in relation to the study of their physicochemical properties and sorption capacity. In this work, the authors produced Mg/Fe LDHs in nitrate form by the traditional method and by the combined action of ultrasound and increased hydrostatic pressure. The resulting samples are characterized by a complex of physicochemical methods of analysis, including scanning electron microscopy (SEM), infrared spectroscopy (IR), X-ray phase analysis (XRD), and thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) with differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Experiments were carried out to study the sorption capacity of the obtained Fe/Mg LDH samples in relation to chromate ions under normal conditions and under the influence of ultrasound, including in combination with increased hydrostatic pressure. A photoelectric photometer was used to obtain and analyze data with quantitative values of the sorption process. Data of comprehensive analysis of the finished product indicate that the synthesized material is a Mg/Fe layered double hydroxide. X-ray phase analysis identified that the LDH synthesis using ultrasound and pressure increases the crystallinity degree of the finished product. It has been found that the sorption properties of LDHs produced by the conventional method and LDHs produced under the influence of ultrasound and pressure are different. In Mg/Fe LDHs synthesized by the conventional method, chromate sorption proceeds better than in samples synthesized using ultrasonic treatment in combination with increased hydrostatic pressure. The study shows that the sorption process of the examined LDH samples is described by different mathematical models.

Frontier Materials & Technologies. 2023;(4):19-30
pages 19-30 views
Determination of the stress threshold and microstructural factors forming the nonlinear unloading effect of the ZK60 (MA14) magnesium alloy
Danyuk A.V., Merson D.L., Brilevskiy A.I., Afanasyev M.A.
Abstract

Magnesium alloys are an ideal material for creating lightweight and durable modern transport systems, but their widespread use is limited due to some physical and chemical properties. This paper considers the effect of nonlinear elastic unloading of the MA14 (ZK60, Mg–5.4Zn–0.5Zr) magnesium alloy in a coarse-grained state after recrystallisation annealing. The study found that the nonlinearity of the unloading characteristic, is formed when reaching a certain threshold stress level. It is expected that the effect under the study is associated with the deformation behavior of the alloy, during which the twin structure formation according to the tensile twinning mechanism is observed. The sample material microstructure was determined, by scanning electron microscopy using electron backscattered diffraction analysis. Determination of the threshold stress, for the formation of unloading nonlinearity was carried out by two methods: 1) by the value of the loop area formed by the nonlinearity of the unloading mechanical characteristics and the repeated loading (mechanical hysteresis) characteristics, and 2) by analysing the acoustic emission recorded during failure strain. A comparison of the results obtained, allows suggesting that the unloading nonlinearity is caused by twinning in grains, in which an unfavorable configuration (low Schmidt factor), for dislocation slip is observed. Rotating the twinned crystal at an angle close to 90° does not contribute to an increase in the Schmidt factor and activation of dislocation slip systems to secure the deformed structure through the dislocation strengthening mechanism. With a subsequent decrease in the external stress, detwinning and partial restoration of the crystal lattice configuration occur.

Frontier Materials & Technologies. 2023;(4):31-39
pages 31-39 views
Thermal stability of a submicrocrystalline structure formed by high-pressure torsion in Ni and Ni–2 % Cr alloy
Karamyshev K.Y.
Abstract

The main problem of submicrocrystalline (SMC) materials formed as a result of large plastic deformation is their thermal stability. The large stored energy and the formation of strongly disordered microcrystallites in the structure lead to a decrease in the recrystallization onset temperature and, therefore, possibly decrease the structure stability. In the work, severe plastic deformation by high-pressure torsion and annealing of pure nickel and an alloy containing 2 at. % chromium were carried out. The structure of both deformed and annealed material was studied by scanning and transmission electron microscopy. The dependence of hardness on the square root of true strain and structure evolution were analyzed to identify the boundaries of the stages of structural states. The energy stored during deformation was estimated using differential scanning calorimetry by the amount of absorbed heat energy. The author studied the behaviour of materials during annealing depending on the stored strain energy at the SMC structure stage. Three stages of structural stats were identified in pure nickel: cellular, mixed, and SMC structure, while in the alloy containing 2 at. % chromium, a cellular structure stage was not detected. A decrease in the stored strain energy was found at the stage of the SMC structure for both materials. Alloying nickel with 2 at. % chromium increases its thermal stability, which increases the temperature when the grain growth becomes intensive by 150 °C. The amount of stored strain energy affects grain growth in the alloy containing 2 at. % chromium, whereas in pure nickel no effect was detected. In the Ni–Cr alloy, greater stored energy corresponds to larger recrystallized grain size.

Frontier Materials & Technologies. 2023;(4):41-51
pages 41-51 views
Combination of cryogenic deformation and electropulse processing as a way to produce ultrafine-grain metals
Markushev M.V., Avtokratova E.V., Valeeva A.K., Valeev I.S., Ilyasov R.R., Krymsky S.V., Sitdikov O.S.
Abstract

The data of a comparative analysis of the structure and hardness of pure metals with a face-centered cubic lattice – aluminum, nickel and copper, subjected to complex thermomechanical treatment (TMT), including isothermal cryogenic rolling at liquid nitrogen temperature and subsequent high-density electropulse treatment (EPT) were presented. The main stages, features and advantages of TMT, which first ensure strong work hardening of the processed material due to deformation at low temperatures and then its ultra-fast contact electropulse heating up to a specified temperature, were considered. A multi-level analysis of the metals structure evolution due to TMT was carried out using modern methods of scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffractometry, recording a wide range of its linear and angular parameters. The kinetics and nature of the processes of the metals structure evolution under cryogenic rolling and EPT, their driving forces and controlling factors, as well as general patterns and temperature intervals of activation of the deformation structure recovery and recrystallization influenced by an electric pulse are identified and discussed. Based on the results of the analysis of the structural and mechanical behaviour of metals, it was concluded that the combination of severe plastic cryogenic deformation and a single-step treatment with ultrashort alternating current pulses is an effective way to obtain semi-finished products with controlled parameters of their structure and properties, including high-strength ultrafine-grain rolled products. At that the phenomenology and nature of the strengthening/softening of metals during cryogenic rolling and subsequent electropulsing are similar to those observed under cold rolling and furnace annealing.

Frontier Materials & Technologies. 2023;(4):53-62
pages 53-62 views
Investigation of phase transformations in a two-layer Ti–Al–C+Y–Al–O coating on a heat-resistant nickel alloy
Nazarov A.Y., Maslov A.A., Nikolaev A.A., Shmakov A.N., Denisov V.V., Ramazanov K.N.
Abstract

Currently, an active increase in requirements for fuel efficiency and specific gravity of aircraft turbojet engines is observed. Existing coatings based on zirconium dioxide intended for protecting engine parts are largely outdated and have exhausted their development potential, so new ceramic systems for the production of protective coatings based on them are an area of research. The authors carried out a study of a heat-resistant two-layer coating based on the Y–Al–O system (outer layer) and the Ti2AlC MAX phase of the Ti–Al–C system (sublayer) produced using vacuum-arc deposition on the Inconel 738 heat-resistant nickel alloy and molybdenum by alternate deposition of layers based on Ti–Al–C and a Y–Al–O layer. Using synchrotron radiation, phase transformations in the coating were examined when samples were heated to 1400 °C in a vacuum and to 1100 °C in the atmosphere to study the process of oxidation and coating formation in the presence of oxygen. Using scanning electron microscopy, the authors studied the microstructure and chemical composition of the coating. The study identified that heating the coating in a vacuum and in the atmosphere causes various phase transformations in it, but in both cases, the formation of a mixture of oxides of the Y–Al–O group and destabilization of the Ti–Al–C-based sublayer are observed. After heating the coating in the atmosphere without preliminary heat treatment, the coating was destroyed upon cooling, which was not observed when the coating was heated in a vacuum. 

Frontier Materials & Technologies. 2023;(4):63-71
pages 63-71 views
Simulation of electrical parameters of a galvanic cell in the process of microarc oxidation
Pecherskaya E.A., Semenov A.D., Golubkov P.E.
Abstract

Microarc oxidation is a promising technology for producing wear-resistant anticorrosive coatings for goods made of valve metals and alloys and is used in many industries. One of the main problems of this technology is low controllability caused by the complexity and interconnectedness of physical and chemical phenomena occurring during the coating process. To solve such problems, digital twins are currently actively used. The paper covers the development of mathematical models that are advisable to use as structural elements of the digital twin of the microarc oxidation process. An equivalent electrical circuit of a galvanic cell of microarc oxidation is given, which takes into account the electrolyte resistance, the part coating resistance in the form of a parallel connection of nonlinear active resistance and capacitive reactance. The authors propose a mathematical model describing the behavior of the equivalent electrical circuit of a galvanic cell of microarc oxidation. A technique for determining the parameters of this model was developed, including the construction of a waveform of changes in the resistance of the cell and its approximation, estimation of the values of resistances and capacitance of the galvanic cell equivalent circuit. The authors proposed a calculation method and developed a Simulink model of the microarc oxidation process, which allows simulating the current and voltage waveforms of a galvanic cell. The analysis of the model showed that the model is stable, controllable and observable, but poorly conditioned, which leads to modelling errors, the maximum value of which is 7 % for voltage and 10 % for current. By the parametric identification method using experimental current and voltage waveforms, the dependences of the parameters of the galvanic cell equivalent circuit on the oxidation time are obtained. It is found that the change in the period average of the galvanic cell active resistance correlates with the coating thickness.

Frontier Materials & Technologies. 2023;(4):73-85
pages 73-85 views
The influence of addition of ZrO2 nanoparticles to the electrolyte on the structure and anticorrosion properties of oxide layers formed by plasma electrolytic oxidation on the Mg97Y2Zn1 alloy
Polunina A.O., Polunin A.V., Krishtal M.M.
Abstract

Magnesium alloys with a strengthening long-period stacking ordered structure (LPSO-phase) offer outstanding mechanical properties, but their low corrosion resistance necessitates additional surface protection. The work investigates the influence of adding ZrO2 nanoparticles at a concentration of 1–4 g/l to the electrolyte on the thickness, structure, composition, wettability, and anticorrosion properties of oxide layers formed during plasma electrolytic oxidation (PEO) of the Mg97Y2Zn1 alloy with the LPSO-phase. It was found that during PEO, under the influence of an electric field, ZrO2 nanoparticles penetrate into the forming oxide layer and reduce its porosity. The study revealed a decrease in the quantity and size of pores near the barrier layer in places where the alloy LPSO-phase comes out to the interface with the oxide layer. Low concentrations of ZrO2 nanoparticles (1–2 g/l) reduce the corrosion rate of the alloy up to two times compared to the base case. The minimum corrosion current density icorr≈14 nA/cm2 and the highest polarization resistance Rp≈2.6 MΩ·cm2 are found in the sample formed in an electrolyte with the addition of 1 g/l of ZrO2 nanoparticles. Calculation of the barrier zone parameters of oxide layers showed that an increase in the ZrO2 concentration in the electrolyte leads to an increase in the barrier layer thickness and in its specific conductivity, which negatively affects the corrosion resistance of the formed oxide layers – the barrier zone resistance of the layer obtained by adding 4 g/l of ZrO2, drops by ~20 % compared to the base case (up to ~1 MΩ·cm2).

Frontier Materials & Technologies. 2023;(4):87-98
pages 87-98 views
Structure and micromechanical properties of SHS composites with a copper matrix: peculiarities of formation
Pugacheva N.B., Bykova T.M., Senaeva E.I.
Abstract

Self-propagating high-temperature synthesis (SHS) is one of the promising methods for producing strong and wear-resistant composites. The use of copper as a matrix due to the unique combination of electrical and thermal conductivity is of particular interest. Monolithic SHS composites of the Cu–Ti–C–B and Cu–Ti–C systems are currently little studied. The information on the phase composition of such composites is contradictory, and data on micromechanical properties is practically absent. The paper presents the results of a comparative analysis of the structure and micromechanical properties of composites of the Cu–Ti–C and Cu–Ti–C–B systems. It is found that the matrix of both composites is a copper-based solid solution supersaturated with titanium, in which nanosized Cu4Ti intermetallic compound particles precipitate upon cooling. TiC particles (Cu–Ti–C composite) and TiC and TiB2 particles (Cu–Ti–C–B composite) are the strengthening phases resulting from SHS. In the Cu–Ti–C–B composite, the original particles of unreacted B4C boron carbide were preserved, the microhardness of which was 3680 HV 0.1. The most ductile structural constituent in the Cu–Ti–B system composite is the Cu+Cu4Ti mechanical mixture, due to which further plastic deformation is possible to obtain parts of a given shape. During the study of micromechanical properties, the maximum strength indicators of HIT, HV, We, Re, HIT/E* were recorded in the Cu–Ti–C–B system composite, which allows expecting high wear resistance of products made of it.

Frontier Materials & Technologies. 2023;(4):99-108
pages 99-108 views
The influence of frictional treatment and liquid carburizing on general corrosion resistance of chromium-nickel austenitic steels
Skorynina P.A., Makarov A.V., Savrai R.A.
Abstract

Currently, to increase the hardness, strength and wear resistance of thermally non-hardenable austenitic chromium-nickel steels, such methods as frictional treatment with a sliding indenter and liquid carburizing have been used. However, along with an effective increase in mechanical characteristics, the application of these types of treatment may be accompanied by a decrease in the corrosion resistance of austenitic steels. Therefore, it is reasonable to study the influence of frictional treatment and liquid carburizing on the general corrosion resistance of Cr–Ni austenitic steels. In this work, the surface microhardness of the 12Cr18Ni10Ti and AISI 321 steels was determined using the recovered indentation method after electropolishing, mechanical grinding, frictional treatment, and liquid carburizing at a temperature of 780 °C. Using scanning electron microscopy and optical profilometry, the authors studied steel surfaces subjected to the specified types of treatment and determined their roughness. The corrosion resistance of steel was studied by testing for general corrosion using the gravimetric method. When testing for general corrosion, it was found that hardening (up to 710 HV 0.025) frictional treatment leads to an increase in the corrosion rate of the 12Cr18Ni10Ti austenitic steel compared to the electropolished state (from km=0.35 g/(m2·h) to km=0.53–0.54 g/(m2·h)). The corrosion rate of the ground steel is km=0.58 g/(m2∙h), while mechanical grinding does not provide a significant increase in the microhardness of the steel under study (from 220 to 240 HV 0.025). It is shown that the corrosion behavior of 12Cr18Ni10Ti steel subjected to various types of treatment is determined by the following factors: the presence/absence of strain-induced α'-martensite in the structure, the quality of the formed surface and, apparently, the dispersion of the formed structure. Liquid carburizing of the AISI 321 austenitic steel leads simultaneously to an increase in its microhardness to 890 HV 0.025 and a certain increase in corrosion resistance compared to fine mechanical grinding. This is related to the fact that carbon embedding atoms stabilize the electronic structure of iron (austenite and martensite), thereby increasing its corrosion resistance.  

Frontier Materials & Technologies. 2023;(4):109-119
pages 109-119 views
Quantitative analysis of deformation texture and primary recrystallization after inclined rolling and annealing of the (Fe83Ga17)99B1 magnetostrictive alloy
Strizhachenko I.R., Gervasyeva I.V., Milyutin V.A., Devyaterikov D.I.
Abstract

The Fe–Ga alloy is a promising magnetostrictive material thanks to of the optimal combination of functional properties and relatively low price due to the absence of rare-earth elements in the composition. To obtain the maximum magnetostriction in Fe–Ga polycrystals, it is necessary to create a crystallographic texture with a predominance of the <100> direction, since the tetragonal magnetostriction constant is the largest. Traditional methods of thermomechanical treatment do not lead to the formation of such a texture in a bcc alloy. In this paper, for the first time, the authors propose to use inclined rolling to increase the proportion of favorable texture components. Warm rolling with a deformation degree of 70 % was carried out at angles of 0, 30 and 90° to the direction of hot rolling. The deformation texture was examined using X-ray texture analysis and the texture and structure of the material after recrystallization was analyzed by electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) on a scanning electron microscope. Quantitative texture analysis was carried out using the orientation distribution function (ODF) method using the ATEX software. The volume fraction of some texture components was calculated. The study shows that a significant change in the deformation textures and primary recrystallization occurs during rolling at an angle of 90°. The sample after such rolling contains the largest amount of the planar component {100}. The study identified a relationship between the texture of deformation and recrystallization in Fe–Ga: to increase the proportion of components with the <001> crystallographic direction during recrystallization, the presence of planar components {111} in the deformation texture is necessary, which is associated with the predominant growth of favorable components in the deformation matrix with such a texture.

Frontier Materials & Technologies. 2023;(4):121-128
pages 121-128 views

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